Identity and Belonging

38 A Postcolonial think of Identity Crisis in Mohsin Hamids the Reluctant Fundamentalist Daryoosh Hayati Islamic Azad University, Iran schema This essay will present a postcolonial study of Mohsin Hamids the Reluctant Fundamentalist. The basis for this research paper is the postcolonial theories of Ed state of ward Said, Fanon and Homi Bhabba. The aim is to question simply and sardonic eachy the humanity cost of empire building, more(prenominal)oer it is discussed how the people in a totally alien stopping point be faced with different hea and accordingly predicaments, dilemmas as easily as contradictions threatening their individualism.Identity is supposed to be stable, while as this original indicates, it is at risk due to the heathen conflicts as a result of which identity and ethnicity atomic number 18 subjected to change for the benefit of the hegemony. In parameter with Edward Saids the eastward writes back it is sh admit how this novel is a reaction to the disc ourse of colonization and welcomes de-colonization. moreover it reflects the laments of the author for the terrorist label attri merelyed to Muslims, in terms of globoseization, supported by the hegemony and interpreted as essentialism.Key words globalization, identity, postcolonial, binary op presents, separateness, hegemony, hybridity and ethnicity. BARNOLIPI An interdisciplinary journal strength II. replication II. ISSN 2249 2666 www. reflecti adeptdu. com/barnolipi. php reflexion Mentoring Services 39 Introduction Post colonialism deals with the aftermath of colonialism. It is some the painstaking struggle of being independent. The society is no longer being oppressed they be independent, free to be themselves over again.However theyve changed, their stopping point has changed now they need to figure forth who they receivedly are. In other words they are faced with identity link choices. Ex-colonies are to choose either to make an attempt to restore the original culture, or conform to the animated colonizers culture or the creation of a bracing culture which combines both(prenominal). In other words such(prenominal) nations are encountered by difficult stopping points to make. Either to assimilate or dissimilate is the existential condition ex-colonies are exposed to. Such a question faces the ex-colonies with an unresolved predicament.The assimilation and adaptation of cultural practices, the cross-fertilization of cultures, kitty be seen as positive, enriching, and dynamic, as well as oppressive. Hybridity is also a useful concept for helping to break d experience the false maven that colonized cultures or colonizing cultures for that matter are monolithic, or contain essential, unchanging features. The growth of hybriditythe dissolution of rigid cultural boundaries betwixt companys hitherto perceived as separate, the intermixture of discordant identities, in effect the dissolution of identities themselves.Much anthropology i n this field demonstrates how identities accommodate been and are invented, reinvented and shaped for political and other purposes, out of disparate historical and cultural experiences. Other studies have repeatedly shown that identities are operate with contradictions and are non to be unders to a faultd as seamlessly unified comprehensive cultural entities, therefore impossible to go back to the original wiz. BARNOLIPI An interdisciplinary daybook Volume II. subject field II. ISSN 2249 2666 www. commentedu. com/barnolipi. php saying Mentoring Services 40 Identities owe their formation and position in society to the operation of social, economic, cultural, and political forces that are inseparable from the forces that create and go on socioeconomic groups. In this view, rather than being opposed, identity politics and course of study politics, while distinct, have the potential to be allied actors in a commonality political dish up.The three most influential theoris ts whose ideas regarding the causes of the oriental identity being changed include Fanon, Bhabha and Edward Said according to whom The sew was almost a European invention, and had been since ancientness a place or romance, exotic beings, haunting memories and landscapes, remarkable experiences The Orient is nor still adjacent to Europe it is also the place of Europes superior and richest and oldest colonies, the source of its civilizations and languages, its cultural contestant, and unitary of its deepest and most recurring images of the Other.In addition, the Orient has helped to define Europe (or the West) as its contrasting image, idea, personality, experience. Yet none of this Orient is merely imaginative. The Orient is an integral part of European material civilization and culture. Orientalism expresses and represents that part culturally and tied(p) ideologically as a mode of discourse with supporting institutions, vocabulary, scholarship, imagery, doctrines, scour colo nial bureaucracies and colonial styles. ideas, cultures, and histories dissolvenot seriously be understood or studied without their force, or more precisely their configurations of power, also being studied. To believe that the Orient was created or, as I call it, Orientalised and to BARNOLIPI An interdisciplinary journal Volume II. Issue II. ISSN 2249 2666 www. reflectionedu. com/barnolipi. php formulation Mentoring Services 41 believe that such things happen simply as a necessity of the imagination, is to be disingenuous. The relationship between Occident and Orient is a relationship of power, of domination, of varying degrees of a complex hegemony. Said, pp 30-35 and 60) Frantz Fanon stands as the second outstanding dilettante in the field whose ideas, together with those of Bhabha and Said provide a strong basis for the study of cultural influences in the field This cultural obliteration is do possible by the negation of national reality, by the new legal relations in troduced by the occupying power, by the banishment of the natives and their customs to outlying districts by colonial society, by expropriation, and by the systematic enslaving of men and women E genuinely effort is made to bring the colonized person to admit the inferiority of his culture which has been transformed into instinctive patterns of behaviour, to manage the unreality of his nation, and, in the last extreme, the confused and imperfect calibre of his own biological structure. ( Fanon, p. 58) Last entirely not the least, attention must be enjoin toward the theories Homi K. Bhabha known as Hybridity and the Third Space It is that Third Space, though unrepresentable in itself, which constitutes the discursive conditions of nunciation that ensure that the meaning and symbols of BARNOLIPI An Interdisciplinary Journal Volume II. Issue II. ISSN 2249 2666 www. reflectionedu. com/barnolipi. php REFLECTION Mentoring Services 42 culture have no primordial unity or fixity t hat compensate the same signs can and be read appropriated, anew. The translated, Western rehistoricized metropole must confront its postcolonial history, told by its influx of postwar migrants and refugees, as an indigenous or native narrative internal to its national identity The cark with the English is that their hiss hiss history happened overseas, so they dodo dont know what it means. Bhabha, p, 15) Discussion The reluctant fundamentalist is in line with the above mentioned views. The Reluctant Fundamentalist immediately de-stabilizes the gaze of the West upon the Islamic universe of discourse. The novels spread outing sees Changez immigrating to the fall in States, attending Princeton, and receiving a high-stakes and oft coveted entry-level position in a stark naked York City art consulting firm, Underwood Samson. It would seem that he is the living embodiment of the the Statesn Dream, having toiled endless hours for these opportunities and possessing a bright, abso lute future. However, after the terrorist attacks on 9/11, his attitude toward the United States changes, especially as he becomes the target of racism and enhanced surveillance.By the conclusion, one is unsure whether or not this conversation partner is actually a CIA assassin dispatched to Pakistan to terminate Changez. Changez, constructed as a modern Muslim immigrant and anti-hero, sees fit to challenge the reductive lens that casts all Muslims as religious fanatics and backwards zealots. BARNOLIPI An Interdisciplinary Journal Volume II. Issue II. ISSN 2249 2666 www. reflectionedu. com/barnolipi. php REFLECTION Mentoring Services 43 The novel ultimately poses the interesting stance that neo-liberalism exists as its own form of fundamentalism the Wests utter devotion to the precepts of a laissez- finee economic policy has generated a totalizing view of the globe as a terrain to be mined and exploited.Those who do not follow this mantra can necessarily be considered a threat, and in this novels case, real ofttimes a terrorist threat. This intervention places into relief the ways in which the West mogul not necessarily view its own economic activities critically passable. Underwood Samson, in Changezs view, is the clear example of the soullessness of the West. The comp either does not generate a purchasable product, but is yet extremely sought after for its ability to evaluate other companies. That is, their job epitomizes capitalism to its very core through the ability to place value on objects, structures, bodies or put to workes. Where Changez finds root is in a Pakistani culture that does not subscribe to this same system of beliefs. Although Changezs Underwood Samson advisor, Jim, appeals to him through the popular opinion that Underwood Samson cannot be conflated with American economic policies at stupendous, the novel concludes with Changez retreating into the confines of nationalisms and discrete boundary points. For him, Underwood Samson merely operates as an appendage of American fundamentalism, one that must be combated through Pakistani economic independency. The Reluctant Fundamentalist is the story of a man who is surprised by the intensity of his reactions when he perceives a threat to his cultural identity. Beware the grim Side, young Skywalker, a colleague tells Changez at the induction party.This is said in jest, but the Star Wars legend of a youngster who betrays his own kind for an injustice Empire, in the process losing his soul and playing perioding into a mechanical man, will uncomfortably resonate with Changezs own integration into American bearing. Later in the narrative, he will BARNOLIPI An Interdisciplinary Journal Volume II. Issue II. ISSN 2249 2666 www. reflectionedu. com/barnolipi. php REFLECTION Mentoring Services 44 hear most the Janissaries, the Christian boys who were captured and trained to be soldiers in a Muslim army, at that time the greatest army in the populacethey had foug ht to erase their own civilizations, so they had nothing else to turn to.These analogies will badger into his deep-rooted fears the fear of contributing to the wealth-generation of the most powerful empire in the arena even while his own country languishes in poverty and he feels like a stranger on each successive visit to Lahore. The fear of a shrinking global world where global is defined in terms of the US model. The fear of becoming, inadvertently, a foot-soldier in Americas march of progress, as a result his identity resembles that of Janissaries. And yet this young man, who would sure at some point have thought of himself as a citizen of the world, unconfined by narrow domestic walls, slowly becomes defensive about his identity.Early on, he has already been discomfited by little things watching his colleagues part with large sums of money, for instance, reminds him of the poverty in his country, and on a business trip to Manila he is mortified to discover that even this (Ea stern) city is so much wealthier than Lahore I felt like a distance runner who thinks he is not doing too badly until he glances over his shoulder and sees that the fellow who is lapping him is not the leader of the pack but one of the laggards. (p. 176) But after the 9/11 attacks and the racial profiling that accompanies it, he becomes ever more conscious of the need to define himself, and this leads to disaffection with his adopted country. Changezs dilemmas are complicated by his feelings for a girl named Erica, a fellow Princetonian they become close but she is haunted by herBARNOLIPI An Interdisciplinary Journal Volume II. Issue II. ISSN 2249 2666 www. reflectionedu. com/barnolipi. php REFLECTION Mentoring Services 45 memories of a deceased boyfriend, and an awkward lovemaking scene shows us that Changezs relationship with her mirrors his relationship with the US he can possess her only by pretending to be someone he is not, by relinquishing his own sense of self. And tho ugh the book ends on an ambiguous note, refusing to divulge the extent to which Changez has traded one fundamentalism for another, we understand how an unbridgeable divide, an tune of mutual distrust, can be created between cultures.In other words, Bhabha argues that cultural identities cannot be ascribed to pre-given, irreducible, scripted, a historical cultural traits that define the conventions of ethnicity. Nor can colonizer and colonized be viewed as separate entities that define themselves independently. Instead, Bhabha suggests that the negotiation of cultural identity involves the continual interface and exchange of cultural performances that in turn produce a mutual and mutable recognition (or representation) of cultural difference. As Bhabha argues, this liminal space is a hybrid site that witnesses the productionrather than just the reflectionof cultural meaningThe novels central point is the pride of the American empire which is make on the guts of finance Finance was a particular means by which the American empire exercised its power. A mirror, reflecting the mutual suspicion with which America and Pakistan (or the Muslim world) look at one another. Excuse me, sir, but may I be of assistance? Ah, I see I have alarmed you. Do not be frightened by my byssus I am a lover of America. So begins Changezs monologue that charts the rise and fall of this man, from Princeton University, to employment in a prestigious firm, his love for BARNOLIPI An Interdisciplinary Journal Volume II. Issue II.ISSN 2249 2666 www. reflectionedu. com/barnolipi. php REFLECTION Mentoring Services 46 a fellow New Yorker named Erica, to the increasing suspicion he feels after the destruction of the World Trade Centre, and the escalating conflict in his home country of Pakistan, which he watches from across the Atlantic, powerless to help. What distinguishes The Reluctant Fundamentalist is its monologue form. Changez is relating his tale to an American who may or may n ot be CIA and Changez may or may not be a terrorist. The duality that this text invokes is mirrored through the possibly radicalisation Changez undergoes and the want of mind that befalls Erica.At the end of this superbly powerful narrative every character is remaining hanging off metaphorical and literal cliffs (or having gone over them) that one is reminded that this is simply not a story of a rise and fall, but is concerned with events that happened after the fall, for falling is only but the beginning of one story. The study of identity is in most cases associated with considering the changes in circumstances or a ones personality. Colonies go through many changes throughout their existence. When looking at pre-colonialism, one sees the demesnes original culture. Their beliefs and customs run smoothly in a functioning society. Colonialism changes everything.In almost all cases of colonialism, the norms, beliefs and cultural values of the larger power are forced upon all of t he colonies natives. This is because the colonizer believes that the natives are savages and need to be civilized. The natives have no choice but to accept these new ways of life. The settlers technology is more advanced and they could easily wipe out all natives who refuse to conform to the new culture. This is where the depletion of their culture begins. Natives stop practicing their religion. In most cases they convert to Christianity, mainly because it is forced onto them. In order to communicate BARNOLIPI An Interdisciplinary Journal Volume II. Issue II. ISSN 2249 2666 www. reflectionedu. com/barnolipi. php REFLECTION Mentoring Services 47 ith the colonizers or the settlers, they start speaking the settlers language. Soon enough their own is lost. After so many years of colonialism, the natives become similar to their colonizers. The colonizers control education, therefore they control the thoughts and ideas absorbed by the youth. Natives children absorb the new culture an d ideas at a young age. Because of this, the original culture is lost in new generations. The colonizer is a brute force which oppresses the natives. In the fight of this oppression, independence is fought for and a culture that has almost been forgotten is once again sought after. What is left of the original culture?The representation of these uneven and often hybrid, polyglot, multivalent cultural sites (reclaimed or discovered colonized cultures searching for identity and meaning in a complex and partially alien past) may not look very much like the representations of bourgeois culture in western art, ideologically shaped as western art is to represent its own truths (that is, guiding fictions) about itself. To quote Homi Bhabha on the complex issue of representation and meaning from his article in Greenblatt and Guns Redrawing the Boundaries Culture as a strategy of survival is both transnational and translational. It is transnational because contemporary ostcolonial discourses are rooted in specific histories of cultural displacement, whether they are the middle passage of slaver and indenture, the voyage out of the civilizing mission, the fraught fitting of Third World migration to the West after the Second World War, or the traffic of economic and political refugees within and outside the Third World. BARNOLIPI An Interdisciplinary Journal Volume II. Issue II. ISSN 2249 2666 www. reflectionedu. com/barnolipi. php REFLECTION Mentoring Services 48 Culture is translational because such spatial histories of displacement now accompanied by the territorial ambitions of global media technologies make the question of how culture signifies, or what is signified by culture, a rather complex issue.It becomes crucial to distinguish between the semblance and similitude of the symbols across diverse cultural experiences -literature, art, music, ritual, life, death and the social specificity of each of these productions of meaning as they circulate as signs within specific contextual locations and social systems of value. The transnational dimension of cultural transformation migration, diaspora, displacement, relocation makes the process of cultural translation a complex form of signification. the natural(ized), unifying discourse of nation , peoples , or authentic menage tradition, those embedded myths of cultures particularity, cannot be readily referenced. The great, though unsettling, advantage of this position is that it makes you increasingly aware of the construction of culture and the invention of tradition. (P. 178)In as much as Changez can see that the United States turns to a reductive patriotism in the crystallise of the age of terror, his equally resistant and myopic gaze constrains him into a perspective where the very few American individuals can be seen beyond their economic ferocity or racist jingoism. In addition, Changezs Pakistani nationalism seems to subvert any possibility for a larger Third World sensibilit y that he had espoused in front in the novel. Whereas Pakistan and Afghanistan are both likened to victims BARNOLIPI An Interdisciplinary Journal Volume II. Issue II. ISSN 2249 2666 www. reflectionedu. com/barnolipi. php REFLECTION Mentoring Services 49 in Americas war on terror, it seems in particular problematic that Changez does not expand his scope to include the various other Third World nations that have been targeted by Americas economic or military fundamentalisms.By introducing these, Hamid seems to suggest that Changezs story acts as its own polemic toward the ways that the West can produce the so-called terrorist through and by false oppositions that construct the unequivocal Muslim or Arab as foreigner to the nation. The novel imagines the possibility that fundamentalism has many guises, both religiously grounded and secular. The questions it thus provokes are inherently some of the most valuable elements to the current issues related to international security. R egarding the war on terror, Jean Baudrillard has written, It is therefore a clash neither of civilizations nor of religions, and this goes far beyond Islam and America, upon which one attempts to focus the conflict in order to give oneself the phantasy of a visible confrontation, and solution, by the use of force (406). Baudrillard disrupts the binary that Changez seems most ervent to posit and in doing so, perhaps unveils a different root source for an existing conflict But the fourth world war is elsewhere. It is what haunts all world order, all hegemonic domination. If Islam dominated the world, terrorism would rise against Islam. It is the very world itself that resists globalization (407). innate(p) in Pakistan, educated at Princeton and currently the hottest new employee at a New York firm specialising in ruthless appraisals of ailing BARNOLIPI An Interdisciplinary Journal Volume II. Issue II. ISSN 2249 2666 www. reflectionedu. com/barnolipi. php REFLECTION Mentoring Ser vices 50 companies being targeted for takeover, Changez recognises himself in the description. I was a modern-day janissary, he observes, a servant of the American empire at a time when it was invading a country with a kinship to mine The recognition ( empire is doomed to failure, as the world itself is against hegemony) completes a process of inward transformation that began when he realised he was half-gladdened by the World Trade Center attacks, and it now prompts him to sabotage his own high-flying career, to give up his interest group of the beautiful, troubled Wasp princess Erica and go back to Lahore. There, bearded and generally re-acculturated, he meets an American in a restaurant in the Old Anarkali district, and buttonholes him with his life story.The novel is his monologue a quietly told, cleverly constructed fable of infatuation and disenchantment with America, set on the treacherous faultiness of current binary East/West relations, and finely tuned to the ironies of mutual but especially American prejudice and misrepresentation. The richest instance of the latter is in the way it plays with the idea of fundamentalism itself. From the title, and from the increasingly tense atmosphere arising between Changez and his American listener, the expectation is that Changez is moving towards the revelation that he has gone, however reluctantly, all the way over to the dark side of Islamic fundamentalism, and is possibly, even as he speaks, rchestrating some Daniel Pearl-like execution of his perhaps literally captive audience. But in a neat arguably too neat reversal, it transpires that the real fundamentalism at issue here is that of US capitalism, specifically that practised by Changezs former employer, Underwood Samson, whose motto, as they do BARNOLIPI An Interdisciplinary Journal Volume II. Issue II. ISSN 2249 2666 www. reflectionedu. com/barnolipi. php REFLECTION Mentoring Services 51 their pitiless bit for globalisation, is Focus on the fu ndamentals. The subverted expectation very efficiently forces one to reconsider ones preconceptions about such words and their meanings, and a point is duly scored for relativism.Changez pithily summarises, for instance, the experience of every happy Manhattan transplant when he declares I was, in four and a half years, never an American I was immediately a New Yorker. And his figure for that city in its ominously flag-bedecked state following the 9/11 attacks I wondered what expression of host would sally forth from so grand a castle is perfect both as a visual image and as a deepening of the books running theme in which the triumphalist militarism of the US is repeatedly mapped over the ruined glory of the old Mughal empire. To be fair, the allegory isnt as glibly meddling as that makes it sound, but it has a stiffening effect on the narrative, shifting it from the dramatic to the essayistic.Its no great surprise to hear Changez drop his sinuously selfdeprecating manner towar ds the end, in favour of something more fingerwaggingly polemical I had eer resented the manner in which America conducted itself in the world your countrys constant interference in the affairs of others was insufferable. Vietnam, Korea, the sound of Taiwan (p. 179) BARNOLIPI An Interdisciplinary Journal Volume II. Issue II. ISSN 2249 2666 www. reflectionedu. com/barnolipi. php REFLECTION Mentoring Services 52 Assimilation is another aspect of Changeezs identity, but as earlier discussed his identity is subjected to inevitable dichotomies.In fact assimilation is a process that presupposes contradictions. But surely it is the gist that matters I am, after all, telling you a history, and in history, as I suspect you an American will agree, it is the thrust of ones narrative that counts, not the accuracy of ones details. (p. 118) When Changez talks of his attempt to assimilate, the reviewer is struck by the dishonesty of that attempt I attempted to act and speak, as much as m y dignity would permit, more like an American. The Filipinos we worked with seemed to look up to my American colleagues, accepting them almost instinctively as members of the officer class of global business-and I wanted my share of that respect as well. (p. 5) Later, Changez seems to recognize, for the first time, how unable(p) his efforts are indeed one of my colleagues asked me a question, and when I turned to answer him, something rather strange took place. I looked at him at his fair hair and light eyes and, most of all, his oblivious immersion in the minutiae of our work and thought, you are so foreign. (p. 67) The book is about Changezs change or realization, which transforms him from an American financial psychoanalyst from Princeton to an individual BARNOLIPI An Interdisciplinary Journal Volume II. Issue II. ISSN 2249 2666 www. reflectionedu. com/barnolipi. php REFLECTION Mentoring Services 53 reintroduced to his cultural identity and family.The book begins when Ch angez accepts a job at a valuation firm and begins a relationship with an American girl named Erica. During the story, 9-11 occurs and the IndianPakistani conflict arises. Changez sees Americas global role as one of selfinterest and he feels as though he is leaving behind his natural culture and identity. The Reluctant Fundamentalist does not delve into religious fundamentalism much at all, nor does it go into any detail about criticism of the foreign policy of the United States. It focuses around Changez inner struggle, his relationship with Erica, his relationship with his work, and his continuing desire for resolution in his sense of identity.After all, it seemed to be one of the several Post-September11 novels on the themes of immigrant identity and allegiance in the context of Americas changing international relations. In addition to Changez, another haunting character in the novel is Erica, Changezs frail American girl friend. A typical privileged American girl, Erica is diffe rent in that she has suffered a catastrophe and is unable to pull herself out of it enough to let Changez in her life. Again, Erica remains somewhat of an unbelievable character until you suddenly realize that the author in all likelihood meant Erica as an allegorical representation for America (I) Am Erica and then it all falls into place. America, caught up in its own past and fight with its own nostalgia, is unable to accept Changez.This prompts a deepening examination of his identity, his allegiances, and his relationship with America. Parallels are implied between Muslim countries and the doomed employees of the companies Changez evaluates. The key here is not religion, but corporate capitalism and traumatic BARNOLIPI An Interdisciplinary Journal Volume II. Issue II. ISSN 2249 2666 www. reflectionedu. com/barnolipi. php REFLECTION Mentoring Services 54 economic change. Changezs boss Jim says, We came from places that were wasting away. He means, on the one hand, Pakista n, and on the other, old industrial America. Theres plenty of on-target comment about American reaction to September 11th.Like this I had always thought of America as a nation that looked forward for the first time I was struck by its determination to look back. Living in New York was suddenly like living in a film about the Second World War I, a foreigner, found myself staring out at a set that ought to be viewed not in Technicolour but in grainy black and white. What your fellow countrymen longed for was unclear to me a time of noncontroversial dominance? of safety? of moral certainty? I did not know but that they were scrambling to don the costumes of another era was apparent. I felt treacherous for query whether that era was fictitious, and whether if it could indeed be animated it contained a part written for someone like me (p. 68).The attack on the empire makes Changez aware of America as an empire, responsible for his identity crisis. The final straw for him is when he hears someone describing the Janissaries, the Christian slaves taken as boys from their parents by the Ottoman Empire and turned into an elite warrior class to defend the sultan. Is Changez a latter-day reversed Janissary? In an effective subplot, Changez has a girlfriend who is obsessed by the memory of her dead boyfriend. In her depression, She glowed with BARNOLIPI An Interdisciplinary Journal Volume II. Issue II. ISSN 2249 2666 www. reflectionedu. com/barnolipi. php REFLECTION Mentoring Services 55 something not unlike the fervour of the devout. (p. 6) Themes of nostalgia and commingled, confused identities seep into other parts of the novel, where they are relevant to Changez, Pakistan, and the United States. Several other parts of the novel discuss the causes of his hybrid identity as well as his contradictory actions and reactions to the Western culture. The following points of the novel denounce Changez multiple identities, proving him neither belonging to the East, n or to the West Changez irritation with the cultural insensitivity in the United States is one of the cases in which his identity is challenged. Changez holidays in Greece with a group of Princetonians, where he first becomes enamored with Erica.He describes behavior he observed which irritated him The ease with which they parted with moneythinking nothing of the occasional but not altogether infrequent meal costing perhaps fifty dollars a head. Or their self-righteousness in dealing with those whom they had paid for a service. But you told us, they would say to Greeks twice their age, before insisting things be done their way. I, with my finite and depleting reserve of cash and my traditional sense of deference to ones seniors, found myself wondering by what quirk of human history my companions many of whom I would have regarded as upstarts in my own country, so devoid of refinement were they were in a position to conduct themselves in the world as though they were its ruling c lass. (p. 27) The disturbance Changez experienced when he compared America and Pakistan Looking down on New York from his office, over a hundred meters above, BARNOLIPI An Interdisciplinary Journal Volume II. Issue II. ISSN 2249 2666 www. reflectionedu. com/barnolipi. php REFLECTION Mentoring Services 56 Changez realizes he is standing in a different world from Pakistan with his feet supported by the most technologically advanced civilization our species had ever known. (135) He reflects to the quiet American Often, during my stay in your country, such comparisons troubled me. In fact, they did more than trouble me they made me resentful.Four thousand years ago, we, the people of the Indus River basin, had cities that were laid out on grids and boasted underground sewers, while the ancestors of those who would invade and colonize America were nonreader barbarians. Now our cities were largely unplanned, unsanitary affairs, and America had universities with individual endowments greater than our national budget for education. To be reminded of this vast disparity was, for me, to be ashamed. (p. 136) Changez sense of humiliation at feeling the need to act like an American Changez recalls a business trip to Manila where he explains I attempted to act and speak, as much as my dignity would permit, more like an American.The Filipinos we worked with seemed to look up to my American colleagues, accepting them almost instinctively as members of the officer class of global business and I wanted my share of that respect as well. BARNOLIPI An Interdisciplinary Journal Volume II. Issue II. ISSN 2249 2666 www. reflectionedu. com/barnolipi. php REFLECTION Mentoring Services 57 So I lettered to tell executives my fathers age, I need it now I learned to cut to the front of lines with an extraterritorial smile and I learned to answer, when asked where I was from, that I was from New York. Did these things trouble me, you ask? Certainly, sir I was often ashamed. But outwardly I gave no sign of this. (p. 118)On this same trip he becomes particularly disoriented at receiving an openly hostile stare from the driver of a jeepney. Later when one of his American colleagues spoke to him, Changez remembers I looked at him at his fair hair and light eyes and, most of all, his obvious immersion in the minutiae of our work and thought, you are so foreign. I felt in that moment much closer to the Filipino driver than to him I felt I was play-acting when in reality I ought to be making my way home, like the people on the street outside. (p. 135) The destruction of the twin towers Changez sense of unease with America has already been well and truly simmering away, as the above points, all made former(a) in the novel, make clear.This is how Changez recalls what happened as he realized what he was watching was not fiction but news I stared as one and then the other of the twin towers of New Yorks BARNOLIPI An Interdisciplinary Journal Volume II. Issue II. ISSN 2249 2666 www. reflectionedu. com/barnolipi. php REFLECTION Mentoring Services 58 World Trade Center collapsed. And then I smiled. Yes, despicable as it may sound, my initial reaction was to be remarkably pleased. Changez sees the evident disgust in the face of his American listener and notices his large hand clenching into a fist. He then hastens to assure him that he is no sociopath, who is indifferent to the suffering of others. He admits his own sense of perplexity at his sense of pleasure at the slaughter of thousands of guilelesss. He reflectsBut at that moment, my thoughts were not with the victims of the attack death on television moves me most when it is fictitious and happens to characters with whom I have built up relationships over multiple episodes no, I was caught up in the symbolism of it all, the fact that someone had so visibly brought America to her knees. (p. 110) These words only serve to intensify the displeasure of his American listener Changez ch allenges. Moreover attention must be paid to the fact that he cannot be completely innocent of such feelings about himself. Thus, he feels no joy at the video clips of American munitions laying waste the structures of his enemies.Changezs experience of being treated as a possible terrorist As soon as the team was able to Manila Changez finds himself escorted by armed guards into a room where he is made to publicise down to his boxer shorts. He is the last person to board the plane and recalls BARNOLIPI An Interdisciplinary Journal Volume II. Issue II. ISSN 2249 2666 www. reflectionedu. com/barnolipi. php REFLECTION Mentoring Services 59 I flew to New York uncomfortable in my own face I was aware of being under suspicion I felt guilty I attempt therefore to be as nonchalant as possible this naturally led to my becoming stiff and self-conscious. (p. 99) Upon arriving back in New York he is again separated from his team at immigration and ends up being subjected to another inspe ction.His team didnt wait for him , so he was forced to travel to Manhattan that eve very much alone. Changezs anger at Americas shrewd reflections of Muslim nations For two weeks after America began to bomb Afghanistan Changez avoids the evening news. Then one evening he chances upon a newscast with ghostly night-vision images of American troops dropping into Afghanistan for what was described as a daring raid on a Taliban command post. Changez recalls My reaction caught me by surprise Afghanistan was Pakistans neighbour, our friend, and a fellow Muslim nation besides, and the sight of what I took to be the beginning of its invasion by your countrymen caused me to tremble with fury. 58) Changez also bristles at the stereotypical and imperialistic manner in which American television cast Pakistanis, without any respect shown for their proud history BARNOLIPI An Interdisciplinary Journal Volume II. Issue II. ISSN 2249 2666 www. reflectionedu. com/barnolipi. php REFLECTION Men toring Services 60 For we were not always burdened by debt, dependent on foreign aid and handouts in the stories we tell of ourselves we were not the crazed and destitute radicals you see on your television channels but rather saints and poets and yes conquering kings. We built the Royal Mosque and the Shalimar Gardens in this city, and we built the Lahore Fort with its mighty walls and wide ramp for our battle-elephants.And we did these things when your country was still a collection of thirteen small colonies, gnawing away at the edge of a classic. (p. 60) Changez ontogeny need to assert his own identity Returning to America, following his trip back to Lahore, Changez, despite knowing the difficulties it might pose at immigration, resolves to keep his beard It was, perhaps, a form of protest on my part, a symbol of my identity, or perhaps I sought to remind myself of the reality I had just left behind I do not now recall my precise motivations. I know only that I did not wish to blend in with the army of clean-shaven youngsters who were my co-workers, and that inside me, for multiple reasons, I was deeply angry. 134) Back in America he finds that his beard does make him an object of verbal hollo by complete strangers and an object of suspicion in the workplace, but refuses to shave it off. BARNOLIPI An Interdisciplinary Journal Volume II. Issue II. ISSN 2249 2666 www. reflectionedu. com/barnolipi. php REFLECTION Mentoring Services 61 Changez decision to distance himself from American imperialism on the plane back to New York he now realizes I had always resented the manner in which America conducted itself in the world your countrys constant interference in the affairs of others was insufferable. Vietnam, Korea, the straits of Taiwan, the Middle East, and now Afghanistan in each of the major conflicts and standoffs that ringed my mother continent of Asia, America played a central role.Moreover I knew from my experience as a Pakistani of alternatin g periods of American aid and sanctions that finance was a primary means by which the American empire exercised its power. It was right for me to refuse to participate any longer in facilitating this project of domination the only surprise was that I had required so much time to arrive at my decision. As a result of the discovery of the Americas true intentions and ill-natured cultural identity, he decides to distance himself from the imperialism. Moreover he feels responsible to inform people, even the ignorant ones in America, of the true driving forces behind their policies and the US led wars and campaigns against the triplet world countries. Changez sees Americas post 9/11 actions as an engagement only in posturing He confronts his American listenerBARNOLIPI An Interdisciplinary Journal Volume II. Issue II. ISSN 2249 2666 www. reflectionedu. com/barnolipi. php REFLECTION Mentoring Services 62 As a society, you were unwilling to reflect upon the shared pain that united yo u with those who attacked you. You retreated into myths of your own difference, assumptions of your own superiority. And you acted out these beliefs on the stage of the world, so that the entire planet was rocked by the repercussions of your tantrums, not least my family, now facing war thousands of miles away. Such an America had to be stopped in the interests not only of the rest of humanity, but also in your own.Changez becoming active in stirring up anti-America sentiment as another reflection of his identity. Now having secured a position as a university lecturer he makes it his mission on campus to advocate a separation from your country by mine. He discovers that it was not difficult to persuade his students to participate in demonstrations for greater independence in Pakistans domestic and international affairs. He observes that such demonstrations were labeled by the foreign press as anti-American. Changez claims no inside knowledge of an alleged attempt on the part of one of his students to slaughter a coordinator of an American effort to provide expatiatement assistance to Pakistans rural poor.Conclusion It has been suggested that globalization is a myth and that what is actually taking place is the scattering of American values, power and products across the globe. Globalization is not a myth and that far from a backlash against BARNOLIPI An Interdisciplinary Journal Volume II. Issue II. ISSN 2249 2666 www. reflectionedu. com/barnolipi. php REFLECTION Mentoring Services 63 American hegemony, many other peoples, state and businesses are modeling themselves on America. Most people, for whom Changeez stands as an example, who examine the effects of globalization, recognize that it is having both cultural and economic impacts everywhere its forces are manifested.While no one denies the significance of economic globalization impacts, it may well be that the cultural effects of this process ultimately exert a far greater impact on the world. Ski llfully, the novel has played out the fear, suspicion and hatred that now characterizes American-Muslim relations. It does this particularly by building up the tension between the quiet American and a hostile, intimidating waiter who comes from a tribe with spans both sides of the border with neighboring Pakistan. The novel will finish with this hostility being brought to an undisclosed conclusion, just as the end of the story of American-Muslim conflict remains to be written. As the book moves to this open ending, Changez commentsIt seems an obvious thing to say, but you should not imagine that we Pakistanis are all potential terrorists, just as we should not imagine that you Americans are all cloak-and-dagger assassins. The important thing about this book is not so much whether the reader agrees with this critique of America or not. What this novel does show is how anti-America feeling might develop and indicates various key factors that may shape such perspectives and identities . In particular, it is crucial to avoid stereotypes that simplistically presume that anti-Americanism on the part of a Muslim must be produced by Islamic indoctrination. This novel BARNOLIPI An Interdisciplinary Journal Volume II. Issue II. ISSN 2249 2666 www. reflectionedu. om/barnolipi. php REFLECTION Mentoring Services 64 demonstrates that it is possible for a Muslim to develop contempt for America on substantially non-religious grounds. Not long before 9/11, Changez considered New York the seat of the American empire, a civilization whose awe-inspiring achievements surpassed even the greatness of Mt. Everest. Now, Changez sees New York as separate from America, because America has taken on a new meaning. It is no longer a great, cutting-edge civilization. When Changez deplanes after his shoot from Valparaiso, he sees New York as an imperial city of old I was struck by how traditional your empire appeared.Armed sentries manned the check post at which I sought entry being of a suspect race I was quarantined and subjected to additional inspection once admitted I hired a charioteer who belonged to a serf class lacking the requisite permissions to abide legally and forced therefore to accept work at lower pay I myself was a form of indentured servant whose right to remain was dependent upon the continued benevolence of my employer. (157) Once Changez realizes that the American empire is like any other, he also understands that his supposed privilegeshis job, his apartment, his expense accountare really the chains that bind him in service to America.Quite opposite from the most technologically advanced civilization in history, it is no better for him than the British Empire was for those of low caste. Hamid uses the predator/prey dichotomy to cultivate a relationship of mutual suspicion between Changez and the American. It is unclear which of them is BARNOLIPI An Interdisciplinary Journal Volume II. Issue II. ISSN 2249 2666 www. reflectionedu. com/bar nolipi. php REFLECTION Mentoring Services 65 the predator and which of them is the prey, or whether the danger is only perceived and not actual. Bibliography Ania Loomba, Colonialism-Postcolonialism, www. wikipedia. org accessed whitethorn/10/2011. Baudrillard, Jean. LEsprit du Terrorisme. The South Atlantic Quarterly. 101. 2 (Spring 2002) 403-415.David Punter, Postcolonial Imaginings Fictions of a New World Order Edward Said, Orientalism Culture and Imperialism Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth, NATC, p. 1587. G Spivak, The Postcolonial Critic Hamid, Mohsin. The Reluctant Fundamentalist. New York, NY Harcourt, 2007. Homi K. Bhabha, The Location of Culture Nation and Narration John McLeod, Beginning Postcolonialism P. Williams and L. Chrisman (eds), Colonial Discourse and Post-Colonial Theory Timothy Brennan, Salman Rushdie and the Third World About the Author Daryoosh Hayati- subdivision of English, Lamerd Branch. Islamic Azad University, Iran. emailprotected ac. ir BARNOLIPI A n Interdisciplinary Journal Volume II. Issue II. ISSN 2249 2666 www. reflectionedu. com/barnolipi. php REFLECTION Mentoring Services