Cognitive Studies as the Direction of Modern Linguistics

COGNITIVE STUDIES AS THE elbow room OF MODERN LINGUISTICS At the end of the 20th century philology applied to anthropocentric figure of speech of knowledge including among other things presentation about the tender factor in the diction 4, 200115. The cognitive linguistics is the study of how the person operates the symbols, while coming to understanding the world and themselves in the world, the subject matter of which is the tender-hearted mind, the thinking and the mental processes and conditions 11, 2005 8. The processes associated with knowledge and in dustation be called cognitive ones.Their synonyms are also newsworthinesss expert, mental, and rational. cognitive aspect is the staple fibre notion of cognitive linguistics. It is obvious that in the coordination compound of benignant sciences the relations between language and other human activities are closely interwoven with to each one other. Languages give cognitive scientists the key to understand human behavio r even in the greater stop, than the destination and society 6, 199721. In the 70-80th of the last century mainly lexico-grammatical and thematic groups of words were studied for identifying general and ad hoc characteristics in a lexical system of language.Today the cognitive research is aimed at expansion of the Humanities 2, 2005 28. It is the gesture of great importance for scientists to find out the very existence of the words in the mental lexicon of individuals. Scientists check the word to be a whole of measurement of knowledge, phenomenon or process meant by it, and also the knowledge of unit position in the system of language, where it is associated with other units of the same system 6, 1997 306-307. There are many definitions of concepts, as the term concept is currently one of the most popular in a Russian science.It is non completely about linguistics, the concept is used in perceptual and cognitive psychology, and lingvo- heathenish science, sociology, and man y other sciences. The concept is a multifaceted term, that can be considered as the storage of cultural values, and as a unit which the background for the perspective is the cultural environment surrounding the person. According to Professor V. A. Maslova there are 3 approaches to the concepts definition 1. The first approach pays great attention to cultural aspect when the wide culture is understood as a set of concepts and relations between them.Concepts are like clots of cultural environment in the persons consciousness. 2. The second approach defines the semantics of linguistic sign as the only means of concept formation. 3. Representatives of the third approach believe the concept to be a combination of word meanings from personal, and national person experience, i. e. the concept is the mediator between words and reality. Concepts are universal 11, 2005 32. E. S. Kubryakova considers concept as the operational memory unit, mental lexicon, the abstract system and the languag e of brain, the whole motion find of the world, the quantum of knowledge 7, 1996 90.Structure of the concept, harmonize to Pr. Stepanov consists of 3 layers basic sign, optional and inner form, usually not realized. The structure of the concept can be represented in the circle form, in the center of which lies the main concept, the core of concept, and on the periphery is everything that are brought by culture, traditions, national, and personal experience 11, 200542. for each one concept includes evaluation, personal attitude towards an object. The same concepts can fetch various associations in the different recipients 3, 2006 24.Cognitive linguistics is aimed at modeling the picture of the world. The concept itself is an element of the picture of the world, when the picture of the world is one of fundamental notions it is a model of the world, which is formed as the result of human interaction 11, 200547. Concepts can be classified according to different grounds. They can for m emotional, educational, and other conceptual spheres. Concepts of objects and suits with the concepts of space are included in the list of primary concepts defining conceptual system of the human being.Space is one of the main forms of categories of existence, reflecting the extent, the position, and the location of objects in a world continuum. As a consequence, the space belongs to the basic categories of thinking, and causes strong interest for scientists. The movement is a form of life and the factor of human development. The concept of movement is a heterogeneous phenomenon, and is associated with the characteristics like the starting point of movement, the last point of movement, way of movement, the environment in which the action takes place, its orientation, move pace, and character of action 8, 2004 10.Identifying the sources of phraseological units origin we share the opinion of N. N. Amosova, who considers it to be the speech situation in which the original word is used in a phraseological meaning 1, 196365. Each phrasal unit initially was the individuals formation, and at first was used in a single context. The oral complex is to pass several stages before becoming a phraseological unit. Potential phrasal unit is a speech phenomenon. When words complex are used in countless contexts, they gradually acquire elements of stability, and form phrases.Actually it is impossible to ascertain the forthcoming of phrases 10, 1996 158. We can assume that each word being born in someones speech gets new meanings in the course of its further usage. The important feature of obtaining new values is the degree of stimulus generalization 13, 2001 67. A. M. Melerovich points out outline from lexical and grammatical meanings. She distinguishes four trains of abstraction highest, high, medium, and low one. 1. The highest level of abstraction is observed in phraseological fusions, and in phraseological intensifiers. These phrases are completely abstracted from the literal meanings. . At the high level of abstraction phrasal units have all kinds of abstraction except grammatical one. 3. The average level of abstraction is observed in phrases with partially rethought meanings, i. e. , where one component is used literally, and the other one is used in figurative sense. 4. The low level of abstraction is characterized by the fact that all components are used in the literal senses. The structure of abstraction in this case is so-called colorless abstraction 14, 1959171. Thus, the phraseology reflects complex of culture and psychology of the tribe it is a unique method of thinking.However, for each language the selection of antecedence words meanings depends on cultural development. Presence of a certain motivation, which is directly linked with peoples outlook proves that idioms have cultural and ethnic connotation. The study of phrases gives the key to understanding of language picture of the world 16, 1996 214 Literature 1. Amosova N. N. The basics of English phraseology/L. , 1963 2. Karasik V. I. Ethnospecific concepts. Other mentality/Moscow, 2005. 3. Kamishnikov ?. ?. Conceptual sphere/Taganrog, 2006. 4. Kravchenko ?. ?.About the research of raw linguistic cultural sciences origin /Taganrog, 2001. 5. Kubryakova ?. S. Cognitive features of motion verbs. Logical analyses of language/Moscow, 1992. 6. Kubryakova ?. S. Parts of speech from a cognitive point of view/Moscow, 1997. 7. Kubryakova ?. S. , Demyakov V. Z. , Pankrats U. Z. , Lusina L. G. Concise dictionary of cognitive damage /Moscow, 1996. 8. Kubryakova ?. S. Language and knowledge On the way of language knowledge acquiring ? Parts of speech from a cognitive point of view/Moscow, 2004. 9. Kunin A. V. English-Russian dictionary of phrasal units/Moscow, 1984. 0. Kunin A. V. The course of modern English phraseology/Moscow, 1996. 11. Maslova V. A. Cognitive linguistics/Minsk, 2005. 12. Melerovich A. M. The problem of semantic analyses of phrases in Russian/ Yaroslavl, 1979 13. Polikarpov ?. ?. Reflection of historical events by phraseological fund of modern English language/Kaluga, 1998. 14. Smith L. P. Phraseology of English/Moscow, 1959. 15. Stepanov U. S. Constants. Dictionary of the Russian culture. Experience of research/Moscow, 1997. 16. Teliya V. N. Russian phraseology. Semantic, pragmatical and lingvo-cultural aspects / Moscow, 1996.