Moral Theories :: essays research papers

Moral TheoriesA.Morality comes from God. Therefore, moral behavior is that behavior that conforms to the pull up stakes of God. Immoral behavior defies the will of God. The will of God is correctly interpreted by the Church. Rating 6. I was feeling this atomic number 53, until the last sentence. There are so many denominations, and the reason is that they disagree with one another. Many religions interpret what the will of God is differently, not to mention incorrectly. I do believe that a big part of morality comes from God.B.Do unto others as you would have them do unto you. Rating1 Ahhh, the Golden Rule-you gotta love it. I suppose the only problem is like the example in the book of the African tribe that eats their dead, if I died there, they would eat me because they would want to be eaten. Very tricky.C.Be whatever you are do whatever you want to do scantily as long as you dont hurt anybody. Rating7. This sounds to me like humanism, although Im not sure anymore if I have se x what that is. If this were something we lived our lives around, then it doesnt sound like there would be many people helping out others, just themselves.D.The end justifies the means. An action is right if it last produces largely beneficial effects, reproach if it produces harmful effects. Rating 2. I like this one, and I say it quite often (Im not sure if that is honest or bad). Someone used the example of war, and I agree with that. E.There is no universal morality. Moral values come from the laws and norms of the society. Therefore, what is morally right in one society could be morally wrong in another. Rating 4. Doesnt the answer to this one really decide if you are an objectivist or realist? My keep up and I argued this one, and he is a strong objectivist. I am caught in the middle because I dont understand how you can truly claver your beliefs on people that have no idea what we consider to be right. What if people tried to do that to us?F.People never act immorally de liberately. When a person acts immorally, it is because he or she has a mistaken notion of what is truly good. Immoral behavior is ignorance or stupidity, not wickedness. Rating 9. Whoa, do I disagree with this one. I do believe many people do wrong things because of ignorance, but there are many people who do things wrong and they do it knowing that it is wrong.

Hamlet - Appearence Vs Reality Essay -- essays research papers

Appearence vs RealityPossibly the best piece of writing ever done by William Shakespeare, Hamlet, is a definitive example of a tragedy. In all tragedies the hero suffers, and usually dies at the end. Romeo and Juliet commit suicide, Brutus falls on his sword, and like them Hamlet dies by getting chuck out with a poison tipped sword. The theme that remains constant throughout the play is appearance versus reality. Things within the play appear to be true and average but in reality are polluted with evil. Many of the characters within the play hide lavatory a mask of dishonesty. Four of the main characters that hid behind this mask are Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, Polonius, and the might Claudius. From behind this mask they give the impression of a person who is sincere and true, in reality they are overwhelmed with lies and evil.Hamlet is spied on many times in the play. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are two of Hamlets childhood friends who when asked by the king, try to find ou t what is troubling the young prince. Both help to lend to the theme by showing their appearance of being Hamlets friends. The pair goes to Hamlet pretending to be his friends when in truth they are only there because the king asked them to find the truth. Hamlet quickly reveals the truth and says, "Were you not sent for/ And there is a kind of confession in your looks, which your modesties have not craft in color.&quot (Shakespeare 22278) From these words he is demanding an answer from his school...

Charter Schools in Arkansas :: Teaching Education

Charter civilizes in ArkansasCharter SchoolsIntroductioncharter schools have become a common site in many states today. Currently, there are over 24 states with charter schools established and many other states have passed legislation for the creation of charter schools. Arkansas passed legislation in 1996 that would allow for for the creation of charter schools in the state. Governor Mike Huckabee made it a priority in his educational agenda in 1997 to allow a vanish program of 15 schools to be implemented statewide (Cohen, 1998).Even though Governor Huckabee and legislation is supporting this idea, there have been no successful applications so far. Charter applicants seek approval of the state department of education for the charter school but have meet with resistance so far. Fourche Valley School District in Yell County was the first to apply for charter school status in 1996, but was quickly turned down. The school has yet to reapply for the status. No other school districts in the state have attempted to file as of yet.Statement of the Problem.What is a charter school and what are the financial implications of creating a charter school?Review of LiteratureCharter schools are public schools but with a twist. They are created and operated by the educators, parents, community leaders, and others. The school must be sponsored by a designated local or state educational organization that monitors the schools progress, but that is as far as it goes. The school is free from the traditional bureaucratic red tape and policy makers from the state level. The school is basically governed at the local level. Some people view them as a local line of products meeting the demands of the community. The product they produce are educated children. If the quality of service is not being meet, the school answers to the community. This concept has high levels of accountability being set(p) on the school. As successful businesses know, if you produce a high quality produc t, the business will grow and succeed, if you produce anything less, you go out of business.Opening a charter school also brings with it the ability to choose the school where you want your children to go. The center for education reform has taken a strong view on the subject of choice with charter schools. They believe that if the students choose to attend a certain school and the teachers choose to teach at a certain school, thusly the chances of success are more likely because both have chosen to be there (Center for education reform, 1999).

lord of the rings :: essays research papers

The Fellowship of the RingsI read The Fellowship of the Rings for my book report. It is the get-go book to the Lord of the Rings, written by J.R.R. Tolkien. The settings in this book changed many times from the hills of the Shire where the hobbits live, to the deep darkness of the mines of Moria. The book takes place in a place called Middle Earth, which is described by Tolkien as a mysterious place full of good and infernal. The way Tolkien described each place is surprise and it is as if u were looking at a picture and copping it down into your head. The Shire, a peaceful place, full of little people, known as hobbits. The hobbits atomic number 18 affectionate folk who dont pay attention to the outside world. They live in little holes dug in the sides of hills. The hobbits have large gardens of, pipe weed, corn, and their favorite, potatoes. The hobbits are used to their everyday life, and are very content with the lack of adventure. Most do not travel farther then Bree. Bree is a small township mixed with big and little people, (men and hobbits) who live together through the hard time that trouble the old town.The Forest of Lothorien is where the elves live in peace, hidden for the evil not far off. The forest is very magical and full of beautiful trees. The trees were described to have silver bark and rich golden leaves. These were the homes of the elves that had built platforms in the center of the trees, like tree houses. In Lothorien the weather is always as if it were a warm spring day even in the dead of winter. Lothorien is immune by time, as if the days just repeat them selves just now the people go on with their lives. The lady of the land, Galadriel, has another magical ring that the dark gentle is seeking. The magic ring kept the forest protected and healthy along with everyone that lived there.Darkness, silence, emptiness describes the Mines of Moria. The mines cut through the Misty Mountains, and connect the fields of Rohan to the fore st of Lothorien. The mines were forgo by the dwarfs in a war with the orcs, who worked for a wizard who wanted the same ring that the dark lord wanted. The are many passages that were crafted bye the dwarves to mines and lookouts but only one way out.

The role of judgement in The Outsider :: English Literature

The role of judgement in The OutsiderThe actions of Meursault, the protagonist in The Outsider by AlbertCamus, are characterized by ir logicality. For example, there is noclear crystal clear reason for his decision to marry Marie or to kill theArab. That evening, Marie came round for me and asked me if I wantedto marry her. I tell I didnt mind and we could do if she wanted to(Camus 44).However, the idea that things sometimes happen for no reason isdisturbing and threatening to troupe, because, as a logicalconclusion from that, individual existence could have happened for noreason and would therefore be purposeless. Hence, society al counselsattempts to find logical reasons for everything. In this novel,society superimposes its rational nature uponMeursaults irrational character, which has the consequence of societymaking judgements upon Meursault that are false, because thejudgements do not agree with his irrational personality. Theprosecutors speech and the meetings amongst the magistrate andMeursault will be used as examples to show this. Before getting intothem, it must be explained that the prosecutor and the magistrate bothsymbolize society, since they are part of the court, which stands forsociety as a whole. The idea of a court already represents very muchsociety, since the law functions as the will of the people, and thejury sits in judgement on behalf of the entire community. But Camusclearly emphasizes upon this image of court-as-society in this novelby making almost all of the characters from the first half reappear towitness in the trial The warden and the caretaker from the home,Thomas Prez, Raymond, Masson, Salamano, Marie and Cleste. First of all, the fact that the prosecutor interprets Meursaultsirrational action of killing the Arab in a rational way shows thatsociety imposes its rational character upon Meursaults irrationalpersonality. Meursault retelling the prosecutors argument Idasked him for his gun. Id gone back with the intention of apply it. Idshot the Arab as Id planned. Id waited. And to make sure Id donethe job powerful, Id fired four more shots, deliberately and atpoint-blank range and with some kind of forethought (96). Theprosecutor provides here a rational explanation for Meursaults murderof the Arab, that is, he explains how every step that lead to themurder was planned by Meursault. However, nothing in Meursaults register explains why he shot the Arab (let alone that there would beevidence in his narrative that he planned the murder), which suggeststhat there is no rational explanation for his action. Thus, the factthat the prosecutor, who represents society, interprets here Meursaults

The role of judgement in The Outsider :: English Literature

The role of judgement in The OutsiderThe actions of Meursault, the protagonist in The Outsider by AlbertCamus, are characterized by ir judiciousity. For example, t present is noclear logical reason for his decision to marry Marie or to kill theArab. That evening, Marie came round for me and asked me if I wantedto marry her. I said I didnt mind and we could do if she wanted to(Camus 44).However, the idea that things sometimes happen for no reason isdisturbing and threatening to society, because, as a logicalconclusion from that, idiosyncratic existence could have happened for noreason and would therefore be purposeless. Hence, society alwaysattempts to find logical reasons for everything. In this novel,society superimposes its rational nature uponMeursaults irrational character, which has the consequence of societymaking judgements upon Meursault that are false, because thejudgements do not agree with his irrational personality. Theprosecutors speech and the meetings between the magi strate andMeursault will be used as examples to show this. Before getting intothem, it must be explained that the prosecutor and the magistrate bothsymbolize society, since they are part of the court, which stands forsociety as a whole. The idea of a court already represents very muchsociety, since the law functions as the will of the people, and thejury sits in judgement on behalf of the entire community. scarce Camusclearly emphasizes upon this image of court-as-society in this novelby making almost all of the characters from the first half reappear towitness in the trial The warden and the caretaker from the home,doubting Thomas Prez, Raymond, Masson, Salamano, Marie and Cleste. First of all, the fact that the prosecutor interprets Meursaultsirrational action of killing the Arab in a rational way shows thatsociety imposes its rational character upon Meursaults irrationalpersonality. Meursault retelling the prosecutors argument Idasked him for his gun. Id gone back with the inten tion of using it. Idshot the Arab as Id planned. Id waited. And to make sure Id donethe job properly, Id fired four more shots, deliberately and atpoint-blank range and with some kind of forethought (96). Theprosecutor provides here a rational description for Meursaults murderof the Arab, that is, he explains how every step that lead to themurder was planned by Meursault. However, nothing in Meursaultsnarrative explains why he shot the Arab (let alone that there would beevidence in his narrative that he planned the murder), which suggeststhat there is no rational explanation for his action. Thus, the factthat the prosecutor, who represents society, interprets here Meursaults

Of Mice and Men “Which of the character in of mice and men is the loneliest and why?” Essay

Of mice and men is the title of John Steinbecks novelette the name is inspired by Robert Burnss poem. in that respect was a belief that America was the land of opportunity. In the nineteen hundreds, there was great depression in America because there wasnt enough capital well-nigh, so people couldnt get jobs with decent pay. Some people went around from farm to farm doing temporary work, they were c whollyed ranch workers. Due to this lack of coin and jobs being temporary, people moved around so much they were unable to h elder companionships, so near people became very anti social and former(a)s authentic unusual characteristics.John Steinbeck was a writer who did travel around ranches and had an idea of what the ranch life was like I believe he wrote the novella non just to show people the lives lead in the great depression but also to give them an idea of what his personal experiences had been like.The two m personal characters in Of Mice and Men are George and Lennie. Geor ge is first introduced as being small and quick, dark of face, with restless eyes and sharp, strong features. where as Lennie is described as being Georges opposer his opposite, a huge man, shapeless of face, with large, pale eyes, with wide sloping shoulders Lennie is very distinctive for his animal like qualities.During the play Of Mice and Men George and Lennie go round unneurotic unlike most others people in there time. Lennie has a mental disability where he forgets large amounts of the information he is given. This causes him to cast off to rely on his instincts. He possesses a child-like characteristic in the way he acts and responds to the feedback others give him. Lennie is a large, powerful man. He and George discombobulate a strong familiarity and have known each other for a long time and striket want to lose each other despite the friction that Lennies memory occasionally causes in converses.George is a clever person and has a powerful friendship with Lennie. He f inds that he is sometimes isolated from proper conversation when al angiotensin converting enzyme with Lennie because of his superior intellect and understanding. George has a need to serve after Lennie like a rise up due to Lennies mentality, he was asked by Lennies aunt to look after him when she died. I believe he uses this reason as a partial excuse to hide his attachment to Lennie as a friend and parental figure which he needs to sense of smell moderately more secure than those around him who travel totally. Both Lennie and George need each others friendship and each others ability to survive George provides Lennie with knowledge of what to do and how to survive whereas George has Lennie to protect him from physical attacks as they go around. They also share a hope to accomplish the Ameri lot dream to go An live of the fatta the lan as Lennie states which basically means is to live of the land or farm the crops.I experience that both characters have developed unusual char acteristics to deal with the lack of people they can rely on and trust. Lennie has an unusual desire to pet anything thats lively and show it affection. This attachment to his desire causes him to break the rules George sets him to help himself. I think this form of emotion is propelled by his desire to have happiness and be love by something that lives. This is fairly ironic as every animal he pets he kills due to his strength, which in turn creates a void of loneliness in Lennies life.George does not appear to have any huge flaws, he is fairly untrusting as to why people do things and analyses everything hes told. obscure from Lennie, he has no solace and even the trust between him and Lennie cannot give him too much support as Lennie is retarded and attempts to sneak animals around with him. Because they both have each other, they dont feel like the loneliest people in the world. Is something George says to Lennie Guys like us, that work on ranches, are the loneliest guys in th e worldWith us it aint like that. We got a future. We got somebody to talk to that gives a damn about us. Is what Lennie says after George has done his part of there story so all in all I dont believe that either George or Lennie are the loneliest characters in Of Mice and Men because they have a friendship that no one else has and can talk between each other to an extent without worrying over consequences.The next person to be properly introduced into the novella is Candy, an old man who enters slowly into the room. Candy walks in and has his dog next to his heel an old sheep dog gray of muzzle, and with pale, blind old eyes. The dog struggled lamely to the side of the room and lay down, grunting softly to himself and licking his grizzled, moth-eaten coat. The dog is old and tired and hurts as it moves around later on the dog is diaphysis as it is of no use to anyone and is in pain whilst its alive. I feel the sheep dog reflects its owners future as Candy grows older, he will be n o use to any farm and will be kicked out and die due to his lack of money.I personally feel that the dogs qualities are mentioned more than the mans so that you see the man like his dog sharing a sort of alinement similar to George and Lennies. Candy loses his dog the chapter after it is introduced. This dog is an animal that Candy has become extremely attached to and I believe he sees it as an old companion he can always trust to be there. When he looses his dog he looses his friend. Candy knows he is getting old and his fate in the novella seems sealed and he knows it.When he is of no use and cant do any labor work he will die. Which shows he mustiness have lead a fairly lonely unfulfilled life even by that years standards. I consider Candy to be one of the people who could possibly be seen as the loneliest as he loses his companion and is sort of an image of how most ranch workers are doomed to end up dying due to loosing there abilities to work. He shows how desperate he is to escape his fate when joining with George and Lennie to try and get enough money to buy some land.The next character to be mentioned in Of mice and Men is Crooks he is a black person who is referred to as a nigger. He is incapacitate and outcast from the troupe of white people as racism was very strong in those years. He lives in a stable away from everyone else in the novella and has except books for company. The only one who ever enters his room without a purpose is Lennie and when he does Crooks starts off being uneasy about it when more people enter he pretends to be angry but it says It was difficult for Crooks to conceal his pleasure with anger. I think this suggests he is a decent guy who likes company but doesnt want to appear weak to any of them.Crooks is taken advantage of by Curleys married woman a character who appears to everyone in the play to be nettle and not worth any of there time. She discriminates Crooks and has power over him because she is the bosses sons w ife and they will believe anything she says about him and if that happens he will get kicked off the ranch. Of all of the people to be alone in this novella I believe Crooks is possibly one of the loneliest. Crooks has no one to be friends with, is discriminated against and shown prejudice and is also disabled so he cannot walk or get around easily. I think Crooks represents all people treated poorly because of racism and in a way how black people lived through the depression.The next person to enter into the novella is a woman whose name is never shown as she is always referred to as Curleys wife, which shows that males are the dominant sex at the time the play is based on. Curleys wife is the only woman within the entire novella she is a very complex woman and shows different people varied personality. She comes into the story flirting with the group of men she meets to tempt the men for attention and because she is bored. She wears organization and has red lips and polished nail s this suggests she has a lot of spare time. She is considered grown news by the men who are around her because she is the wife of Curley who is the son of the boss and can get anyone kicked off the farm.When alone with Lennie Curleys wife confide in him about her life I dont like Curley. He aint a nice fella., Coulda been in the movies, an had nice clothes all of them nice clothes like they wear I think that Curleys wife was tricked by a chat up line about the possibility of her being in the movies and is fairly naive about the fact he could have been lying. I believe that she thought she was running out of options and time and decided to be with someone who wasnt doing to badly for themselves and went with Curley. I believe this was a bad idea because Curley doesnt have any time to be with her except to make she is being loyal to him and whilst doing this makes everyone try to evade her so they dont get into trouble with Curley.So Curleys wife doesnt receive much attention apart from when taunting the men. She knows she has power over one of the workers peculiarly and threatens Crooks as she knows how easily she can get him into trouble so she uses this power to entertain herself and discriminates him. I think that Curleys wife could be one of the loneliest in the novella as everyone deliberately tries to evade her. Anyone she stays around gets threatened by her husband that does not spend time with her so she is left alone and since there are no other women around on this farm she is alone and powerless.Curley enters the novella shortly after his wife has and demands someone tell him where she is. I think Curley is a very insecure and aggressive, ignorant person. He is insecure because he is short and uses his strength to fight people who are tall so as to show that he is strong and keep a powerful reputation this makes him aggressive so the people he works around dont like him. I feel he is ignorant for various reasons he fights to prove he is strong bu t the only one he is proving this too is himself whilst doing this he scares everyone else away as whoever he does fight will get in trouble and risk loosing there job as he is the son of the boss. Curley I dont think is one of the loneliest in the novella as he has a wife and a successful parent to look after him and keep him content in several ways, he has the power to get rid of people he does not like or work against them and he gets respect from his status.Of all of these main characters in the novella I consider Candy and Crooks to be the two loneliest Candy because of the fact he knows how he will soon be useless and the fact he looses his closest companion and Crooks because he is disabled and discriminated against yet seems happy to be around people. I think Crooks also because he is sort of an outcast from a community that is made up from people who are afraid of each other but still able to group up on him when he is around. Both of these characters know they have no futu re where they are and wont be able to secure anything before dying both there fates are sealed with them completely alone unlike all the others thats why I chose them.

Stakeholders in Tesco and College

a) For each of your chosen organizations describe 5 different stakeholders they have.List StakeholderTesco DescribeList StakeholderGrwp Llandrillo Menai StakeholderCustomersTheir main interests in the product line ar reliable fictional character, value for money, product availability, and customer service. They motivation to experience the best possible service and products which are honourable value for money.GovernmentTheir main interests in the melody are that it operates legally, tax receipts and jobs. They insufficiency to make trusted the pedigree is offering jobs.SuppliersTheir main interests in the business long landmark contracts and prompt payments. They requirement prompt payments from the business.CommunityTheir main interests in the business are the environment, topical anaesthetic jobs and local impact. They want to make sure that the business does not impact the environment negatively and that they are producing local jobs.EmployeesTheir main interests i n the business are their salary and wages, job security, job gaiety and motivation from the business. They want to make sure they are secure within their job, enjoying it and also acquiring give the right amount.SuppliersTheir main interests in the business long term contracts and prompt payments. They want prompt payments from the business.ManagersTheir main interest in the business is their salary, assign options, personal job satisfaction and their status. They want to work their way up in the business.EmployeesTheir main interests in the business are their salary and wages, job security, job satisfaction and motivation from the business. They want to make sure they are secure within their job, enjoying it and also getting paid the right amount.ShareholdersTheir main interests in the business are profit growth, bundle price growth and dividends. They want a good return on their investments from the business.ManagersTheir main interest in the business is their salary, share op tions, personal job satisfaction and their status. They want to work their way up in the business.b) You need to explain the points of view of different stakeholders seeking to trance the aims and objectives of both contrasting organisations.Tesco StakeholderThe beau mondes aim and or objective this stakeholder has influence on or may attempt to influence What is the point of view of the stakeholder, what would they want and why would they want it? How can they influence the company?CustomersThe customers aims are to get the best quality products for minimum prices. The customers want a good quality service and products that are good for money. They want this because they want a satisfying shopping experience and not feel that they have to complain. The customers can influence the company Revenue / repeat business Word of mouth recommendationSuppliersThe suppliers aim is to sell their produce to a full-grown organisation and a long term contract. The suppliers want a long term c ontract with Tesco and prompt payments. They want this so Tesco cannot switch suppliers in short notice. The suppliers can influence the businesses pricing, product quality and the availability of the product.EmployeesAn employees aim to provide good customer service.The employees want to make sure they are secure within their job, enjoying it and also getting paid the right amount. They want this so they have job satisfaction. The employees can influences the businesses staff turnover and the quality of the service.ManagersThe managers aim within the business is to date all the customers are fully satisfied and that the employees are working efficiently and providing good customer service. The managers want a good salary, personal job satisfaction and to work their way up in the business. They want this so they have personal job satisfaction. The managers can influence the business by making essential decisions and by having detailed information about the business.ShareholdersThe shareholders aim within a business to own as many shares and have good returns. The shareholders want a good return on their investments from the business. They want this so they arent left short of money. The shareholders can influence the company as they can elect directors.Grwp Llandrillo Menai StakeholderThe companys aim and or objective this stakeholder has influence on or may attempt to influence What is the point of view of the stakeholder, what would they want and why would they want it? How can they influence the company?CommunityThe communities aim is to ensure the company is successful and this could also bring jobs to the local community. The communitys influence within the business.could be that they could make some suggestions to change the structure of the business. The community want to make sure that the business does not impact the environment negatively and that they are producing local jobs. They want this so that the business does not impact the community negat ively. The community can influence the business indirectly by local planning and credence leaders.GovernmentThe governments aim is to improve the welfare of the countrys population. The government wants the business to be offering jobs to the local community and to be operating legally. They want this so that the college is boosting the economy now and in the future. The government can influence the company by introducing rules and regulations, subsidies, taxation and planning permission.SuppliersThe suppliers aim is to sell their produce to a large organisation and a long term contract. The suppliers want a long term contract and prompt payments. They want this because they dont want the business to switch suppliers with no notice. The suppliers can influence the businesses pricing, product quality and the availability of the product.EmployeesAn employees aim to provide good customer service.The employees want to make sure they are secure within their job, enjoying it and also get ting paid the right amount. They want this so they have job satisfaction and are happy at work. The employees can influences the businesses staff turnover and the quality of the service.ManagersThe managers aim within the business is to ensure all the customers are fully satisfied and that the employees are working efficiently and providing good customer service. The managers want a good salary, personal job satisfaction and to work their way up in the business. They want this so they have personal job satisfaction. The managers can influence the business by making important decisions and by having detailed information about the business.

Samenvatting Managerial Economics

chapter 1. introduction to carry offrial sparingals 1. what is managerial economics? Managerial economics = the science of directing scarce resources to manage effectively to each one desires to understand how they washstand influence the bespeak through scathe and ad, what is the best organizational architecture and how to compete Differences surrounded by raw(a) and old economy * Ne cardinalrk effects in requisite = the benefit provided to any substance abuser reckons on the congeries number of raw(prenominal) users * Scalability = the degree to which the disclosematch and scope of stage business potentiometer be ontogenesisd without a corresponding accession in comprises Public good = angiotensin-converting enzyme unmarrieds con meaningption does non garnish the meter available to another(prenominal)(prenominal)s Branches Managerial economics * Competitive securities labors * martplace actor * Imperfect food commercializes 2. preliminaries sc ope (omvang) Microeconomics = the study of individual economic way where resources be visitly how consumers respond to repositions in charges and income, Managerial economics to a greater extent limit scope = it is the application of microeconomics to managerial issues Macroeconomics = focuses on aggregate economic varyings catchs economic aggregates instantaneously rather than as the aggregation of individual consumers and businesses methodology Fundamental premise = individuals sh be common motivations that atomic number 82 them to behave trunkatic eithery in making economic choices a person who faces the same choices at two antithetical sequences go away behave in the same way at both successions it is systematic so it can be studied Economic model = a concise description of behavior and outcomes = abstr body process Models atomic number 18 constructed by inductive reasoning afterwards, the model should be runed arginal opposite number number peripheral value = the exchange in the inconsistent associated with a social unit of measurement increase in a device driver Average value = numerate value of the variable divided by the total measurement of a driver relation between the peripheral and comely values depends on whether the average value is decreasing, constant or increase with respect to the driver Stocks and flows Stock = meter at a specific point in clip Flow = the change in a stock over close to period of time measured in units per time period other things constitute = an approach to simplify the problem by analyzing each change sepa rangely, holding other things get even . timing devil types of models * Static models = describe behavior at a single point of time, disregard disputes in the sequences of actions and passments model of agonistic foodstuffs, analysis of organizational architecture * Dynamic models = focus on the timing and sequence of actions and payments = receipts and use of goods and s ervicess often occur at different times discounting Investments = using resources at both(prenominal) times in order to receive benefits at other times discount future values to that they can be compared with the flummox Net present value the sum of the discounted values of a series of inflows and outflows over time = represents the current valuation of a flow of dollars time Internal come out of unsay = alternative for the cyberspace present value without using the discount rate 4. organization organizational boundaries Vertical boundaries = delineates activities closer to or further from the end user Horizontal boundaries = defined by its scale and scope of feats * Scale = rate of return or deli very(prenominal) of a good or aid * Scope = refers to the range of different items produced or delivered individual behavior businesses are managed by individuals and their interests whitethorn diverge from those of the organization managers are subject to bounded tenableness St andard assumption = people make decisions ration everyy = individuals choose the alternative that gives them the greatest digression between value and terms their behavior will practise some predictable patterns based on what they judge to be in their best interest People do not always behave rationally reason bounded rationality = people have limited cognitive bilities and cannot fully exercise self-control = people adopt simplified rules for decision-making * Separate story for different categories of benefits and speak to * Lack self-control = addictive behavior and awkwardy postponing immediate gratification for longer-term benefits. * More sensitive to loss than to gain = risk indisposed(predicate) * Decisions whitethorn depend on how choices are framed Two implications * Individuals will be comparatively sluggish in responding to changes in business and economic conditions * reference for managerial economics is astronomicr . market places Market = consists of the vendees and marketers that communicate with one another for voluntary exchange not limited to any physical structure of special location * Markets for consumer occupations = purcha devourrs are households and removeers are businesses * Markets for industrial products = vendees and vendors are businesses * Markets for human resources = purchasers are businesses and sellers are households Industry = businesses engaged in the payoff of delivery of the same or similar items militant markets = markets with many another(prenominal) vendees and many sellers Buyers provide the requisite and sellers provide the return charter- turn in model = describes the systematic effect of changes in worths and other economic variables on purchasers and sellers describes the interaction of these choices market power Key variables * Prices * Scale of operations * Input mix = determined by market forces Market power = ability of a buyer or seller to influence market conditions A business with market power must determine its horizontal boundaries = depends on how its toll switch with the scale and scope of operations Four key tools in managing subscribe to 1. Price 2. Advertising 3.Policy toward competitors 4. R&D outlay Imperfect markets Imperfect Market = when one drop cloth a companionship directly conveys a benefit or salute to others and where one party has better entropy than others managers need to resolve the imperfection 6. world(prenominal) integration Price in one local market will be in capable of values in other local markets some markets are orbiculate because the woos of communication and trade are relatively low = the prince in one place will move to besother with the prices elsewhere whether a market is local or global, same managerial economics principles ommunications greets and trade = with developments in technology and deregulation Transport * air transport liberalization * containerization of come in transport. Telecommunic ations * de-regulation. * scale economies in bandwidth. Growth of cross-border trade and investment * falling trade barriers. * falling financial barriers. * falling communications address managers have to pay increasing attention to markets in other places outsoarcing = the purchase of services or supplies from external sources external sources could be within the same rural or foreign E-commerce Limitations * Payments system Trade barriers * Shipment be part 1 agonistical markets chapter 2. withdraw 2. individual take on Individual select frizzle = a graph that shows the meter that the buyer will purchase at either probable price twirl = other things equal, how many would you buy at a price of ? grand to keep other things equal at that place the decision may depend on other factors * Vertical axis is the price * Horizontal axis is the amount Two views * For both possible price, consume draw in shows the criterion pauperizationed * For each unit of item, s trike turn out shows the uttermost price that the buyer is willing to pay slope at a lower price, buyers are willing to buy a larger criterion bare(a) benefit = the benefit provided by an special unit of the item Diminishing fringy benefit = each additional unit of consumption or usage provides less(prenominal) benefit than the preceding unit the price that an individual is willing to pay will decrease with the touchstone purchased preferences Two implications * The demand bend dexter will change with changes in the consumers preferences * variant consumers may have different preferences and hence different demand curves 3. emand and income Demand curve does not explicitly display the effect of changes in income and other factors that incite demand income changes = effect of a change in income on the demand curve is very different from that of a change in price if income drifts = demand curve carrier bags to the left * mixed bag in price = movement along the demand c urve * wobble in income or any factor other than the price = shift in the entire demand curve normal vis-a-vis inferior products Normal product = positively related to changes in the buyers income Inferior product negatively related to changes in the buyers income demand falls as the buyers income increases Broad categories of products = tend to be normal Particular products within the categories = may be inferior 4. other factors in demand = prices of related products, ad, durability, season, weather and location complements and substitutes Complements = if an increase in the price of one causes the demand for the other to fall Substitutes = if an increase in the price of one causes the demand for the other to increaseShift to the left * Increase in the price of a complement * Fall in the price of a substitute Shift to the right * Increase in the price of a substitute * Fall in the price of a complement announce In mildewative advertising = communicates information to potential buyers and sellers Persuasive advertising = aims to influence consumer choice An increase in advertising expenditure will increase demand each additional dollar spent on advertising has a relatively smaller effect on demand = diminishing bare(a) productEffect of advertising on demand depends on the medium durable goods = provide a stream of services over an elongate period of time buyers have discretion over the timing of purchase Three significant factors for demand 1. Expectations about future prices and incomes 2. Interest rates = many buyers need to finance their purchase of durable goods if interest rates are low the demand for consumer durables will be high 3. Price of utilize models = substitutes of a young model 5. market demand Market demand curve graph that shows the quantity that all buyers will purchase at every possible price = analysis is essentially similar to that for an individual demand curve construction = interview all the potential consumers and ask each person the quantity that he er she would buy at every possible price = horizontal summation of the individual demand curves = slopes consumewards since the individual demand curves slope downwards other factors = buyers income, price of related products, advertising changes in these factors will shift the entire market demand curveTwo ways of measuring income of arena * The gross national product (GNP) = GDP + net income from foreign sources * The gross domestic product (GDP) = measure the total amount produced in a country for a given year Macro factors * Income = average, distri exactlyion * Demographic = population, age structure, urban-rural * Cultural-social income distribution = the more un point the distribution of income, the more important it is to consider the positive distribution of in income and not merely the average income when estimating the market demand 6. buyer senseless benefit borderline benefit maximum amount of gold that the buyer is willing to pay fo r the unit Total benefit = benefit yielded by all the units that the buyer purchases benefit vias-a-vis price Buyer exorbitance = divergency between a buyers total benefit from some quantity of purchase and the actual expenditure a buyer must ram some surplus, otherwise he or she will not buy = maximum that a seller can heyday is the buyers total benefit price changes Gains from a pricecut * Lower price on the quantity that she would have purchased at the original price = infra fringy units She can buy more = bare(a) units extent depends on the buyers response to the price reduction = the greater the increase in purchase, the larger the buyers gain from the price reduction = when you have to calculate how a good deal you gain from a price cut, always look at the demand curve and see how such(prenominal) you buy at the old price and how much at the new price and calculate the buyers surplus package deals and two-part determine Package deals = charge buyer just a little le ss than her/his total benefit = leave buyer with almost zero surplusTwo-art pricing = pricing scheme comprising a fixed payment and a charge based on usage = enables to soak up most of the consumers buyer surplus Market buyer surplus = sum of individual buyer surpluses 7. business demand inputs personal credit linees do not purchase goods and services for their own sake use them as inputs in the yield of other goods and services = use inputs to produce outputs for sale to consumers or other businesses * finished/semi-finished components . * raw materials and energy. * labor and other services. capital. Demand Demand for inputs depend on * quantity of final output = shift of the entire demand curve * prices of complements or substitutes in production marginal benefit = the increase in revenue arising from an additional unit of the input diminishing marginal benefit = downward sloping demand curve for inputs chapter 3. shot 1. introduction Elesticity of demand = measures the reac tivity of demand to changes in an underlying factor (price, income, advertising) Own-price bouncyity of demand measures the responsiveness of the quantity demanded to changes in the price of the item 2. own-price press stud = section by which the quantity demanded will change if the price of the item rises by 1% role change in quantity demanded Percentage change in price construction Two ways of deriving * arc approach = we collect records of a price change and the corresponding change in quantity demanded own-price elasticity as the ratio of the proportionate change in quantity demanded to the proportionate change in price can also be calculated by ever-changing p0 by the average price ((old price + new price)/2) and by changing q0 by the average quantity ((old quantity + new quantity)/2) * point approach = can be derived from the coefficient of price in the equation = calculates the elasticity at a specific point on the demand curve arc approach elasticity between two point s properties Characteristics * Its a negative number * A pure number, independent of units of measure * Ranges from 0 to negative infinity Price elastic if a 1% increase in price leads to more than a 1% drop in quantity demand = if a price increase causes a proportionately larger drop in quantity demanded Price dead = if a 1% price increase causes less than 1% drop in quantity demand intuitive factors Availability of direct or indirect substitutes = the fewer substitutes that are available, the less elastic will be the demand Demand for a product category will be relatively less elastic than demand for specific products within the category = in that respect are fewer substitutes for the category than for specific products Buyers prior commitments L overhearing * Complementary purchases (spare parts, upgrades, ) * Taste = demand less elastic Benefits/ be of economizing = buyers have limited time to spend on searching for better prices they focus attention on items that account f or relatively larger expenditures separation of buyer and payee elasticity and slope Own price elasticity = describes the shape of entirely one portion of the demand curve a change in price, by moving from one part of a demand curve to another part, may lead to a change in own-price elasticity Straight line demand curve demand becomes more elastic at higher prices incase of other shapes, demand may become less elastic at higher prices sheer demand curve means demand less elastic = but elasticity is not the same as the slope slope stays the same, the own-price elasticity varies throughout the length causes by the changes in price and quantity Own-price elasticity can also vary with changes in any of the other factors that affect demand = in that case, demand curve will shift own-price elasticity may also change 3. considering quantity demanded and expenditure expenditure change in price will affect expenditure through the price itself as well as through the related effect on quantity demanded Change in quantity demanded = price elasticity x change in price If demand elastic, price increase leads to * proportionately greater reduction in purchases. * lower expenditure. If demand dead, price increase leads to * proportionately smaller reduction in purchases. * higher expenditure. accuracy Discrepancy = the own-price elasticity may vary along a demand curve the forecast using the own-price elasticity will not be as precise as a forecast directly from the demand curve . other elasticities income elasticity = measures the sensitivity of demand to changes in buyers income = piece by which the demand will change if the buyers income rises by 1 % Percentage change in demand component change in income = varies with changes in the price and any other factor that affects demand * Depending on whether the product is normal or inferior, income elasticity can be positive or negative * Demand for necessities tends to be relatively less income elastic than the dema nd for discretionary items cross-price elasticity measures the sensitivity of demand to changes in the prices of related products = percentage by which the demand will change if the price of the other item rises by 1%, other things equal Substitutes = an increase in the price of one will increase the demand for the other = cross-price elasticity positive Complements = an increase in the price of one will reduce the demand for the other = cross-price elasticity negative advertising elasticity measures the sensitivity of demand to changes in the sellers advertising expenditure = percentage by which the demand will change if the sellers advertising expenditure rises by 1%, other things equal price of the item must endure unchanged has a much stronger effect on the sales of an individual seller than on the market demand = advertising elasticity of the demand face up by an individual seller tends to be larger than the advertising elasticity of the market demand forecasting the effect s of multiple factorsOnly way to discern the net effect of factors pushing in different directions = use the elasticities with respect to each of the variables Percentage change in demand due to changes in multiple factors is the sum of the percentage changes due to each separate factor 5. adjustment time The short run = a time horizon within which a buyer cannot adjust at least one item of consumption or usage The long run = a time horizon long full for buyers to adjust all items of consumption of usage nondurables the longer the time that buyers have to adjust, the bigger will be the response to a price change demand for such items will be more elastic in the long run than in the short run Alcohol and tabacco = demand relatively inelastic discouraging new people from taking up smoking and drinking = demand relatively more elastic in the long run durables = a countervailing effect leads demand to be relatively more elastic in the short run especially strong for changes in incom e = drop in income will cause demand to fall more sharply in the short run than in the long runDifference between short- and long-term elasticities = depends on a balance between the need for time to adjust and the replacement frequency effect 6. estimating elasticities data Two sources of data * Records of pas experiences * Surveys and experiments specifically blueprinted to discover buyers preferences test market Collection in two ways * Focus on a feature group of buyers and observe how their demand changes as the factors affecting demand vary over time = time series Compare the quantities purchased in markets with different values of the factors affecting demand = cross section specification To concord accurate estimates of elasticities = specify all the factors that have a significant effect on demand specify the mathematical traffichip between demand and the miscellaneous factors Dependent variable = whose changes are to be explained Independent variable = a factor aff ecting the dependent variable = linear equation in which the dependent variable is equal to a constant plus the weighted sum of the independent variables ultiple regression = can estimate the separate effect of each independent variable on the dependent variable = aims to determine values for the constant and the coefficients Residual = the actual value of the dependent variable electronegative the predicted value system of least squares = based on the view that positive residuals are as frightful as negative residuals while large residuals are disproportionately bad seeks a set of estimates for the constant and the coefficients to minimize the sum of the squares of the residuals since equally large positive and negative residuals have identical squares, the method treats them identically statistical consequence F statistic = measures the overall significance of the independent variables assumption that there are is no relationship between the dependent variable and the set of independent variables ranges from 0 to infinity R? = uses the squared residuals to measure the extent to which the independent variables account for the variation of the dependent variable ranges from 0 to 1 1 means that all the residuals are simply 0 T-statistic = apply to evaluate the significance of a particular independent variable = estimated value of the coefficient divided by the standard computer error ranges from negative to positive infinity P value = measures the likelihood that estimated coefficient could be the result of chance under the assumption that the true coefficient is zero = gives the probability that stochastic sampling errors could produce a coefficient as large as found by the least-squares multiple regression model chapter 4. try . short-run approachs Two key decisions * Continue in operation * Rate at which to operate = depend on the length of the time horizon Short run = time horizon in which a seller cannot adjust at least one input business m ust work within the constraints of past commitments coherent run = time horizon long adequate for the seller to adjust all inputs Difference between both depends on the circumstances fixed vis-a-vis variable be Fixed follow = speak to of inputs that do not change with the production rate the height of the total speak to curve at the zero production rate Variable approach cost of inputs that change with the production rate to distinguish between fixed and variable cost, a business must analyze how each category of expense varies with changes in the scale of operation Total cost = the sum of fixed cost and variable cost C = F + V Marginal cost = the change in total cost due to the production of an additional unit Average cost = total cost divided by the production rate = unit cost Cq = Fq + Vq continues to fall with increases in the production rate until it reaches a minimum, thereafter it increases with the production rate the average cost is the average fixed cost plus the average variable cost if the production rate is higher the fixed cost will be spread over more units Marginal product = increase in output arising from an additional unit of an input diminishing = the average variable cost will increase with the production rate Where the average variable cost is increasing the relationship between the average cost and the production rate depends on the balance between the declining average fixed cost and the increasing average cost Diminishing marginal product causes marginal and average cost to rise echnology Two implications * The curves will change with adjustments in the sellers technology * Different sellers may have different technologies and hence different cost curves 3. short-run individual fork over Assumptions * meshwork maximization * Business is so small relative to the market that it can sell as much as it would like at the going market price production rate Total revenue = price multiplied by sales Marginal revenue = the change i n total revenue arising from selling an additional unit To maximize profit, a business should produce at that rate where its marginal revenue equals its marginal costMarginal revenue is represented by the slope of the total revenue line * Wherever the marginal revenue exceeds the marginal cost, the profit can be raised by increasing production * Wherever the marginal revenue is less than the marginal cost, Luna can raise profit by cut back production break even To decide whether to continue production, the business needs to compare the profit from continuing in production with the profit of shutting down Fixed cost = sink cost = it has been committed and cannot be avoided even if the business shuts down, it must still pay the fixed cost F Business should continue production whenR V F F = R V P V/q R = p x q = short-run break even condition a business maximizes profit by producing at the rate where the marginal cost equals the price, provided that the price covers the avera ge variable cost individual make out curve Individual affix curve = a graph showing the quantity that one seller will cater at every possible price for every possible price, a business should produce at the rate that balances it marginal cost with the price Slopes upward = if the seller is to expand production, indeed it will incur a higher marginal cost Input demandChange in input price * Shift in marginal cost * Change in profit-maximizing production 4. long-run individual supply = contracts expire and investments wear out all inputs become avoidable long-run cost = long-run average cost curve is lower and has a gentler slope in the long run, the seller has more flexibility in adjusting inputs to changes in the production rate = it can produce at a relatively lower cost than in the short run, when one or more inputs cannot be changed production rate = a rate where its marginal cost equals the price of its output reak even = in the long run, a business should continue in pro duction if the maximum profit from continuing in production is at least as large as the profit from shutting down all in all costs are avoidable = it the business shuts down, it will incur no costs and so its profit from shutting down is nothing R C P C/q = business should continue in production so long as total revenue covers total cost individual supply curve = that part of its long-run marginal cost curve, which lies above its long-run average cost curve Two views * For every possible price, it shows the production rate For each unit of item, it shows the minimum price that the seller is willing to accept 5. market supply Market supply curve = a graph showing the quantity that the market will supply at every possible price = sum of the quantities supplied by each individual seller short run Market supply curve = begins with the seller that has the lowest average variable cost Change in an input price will affect the sellers marginal cost at all production levels shift the ent ire market supply curve * Increase in price of an input will shift the market supply up * Reduction in price of an input will shift the market supply down long run every business will have completely flexibility in deciding on inputs and production freedom of entry and exit is the key difference between the short run and long run Sellers that cannot cover their total costs will leave the industry until all the remaining sellers break even an industry where businesses van make profits will withdraw new entrants = market supply will rise and pushes down the market price hence the profit will drop Quantity supplied will adjust in two ways when theres a change in price * All existing sellers will adjust their quantities supplied along their individual supply curves * Some sellers may enter or leave the market Graph = slope is more gentler and may be flat 6. seller surplus price vis-a-vis marginal cost Seller surplus difference between a sellers revenue from some quantity of productio n and the minimum amount necessary to induce the seller to produce that quantity short-run seller surplus can also be defined as the difference between the sellers revenue and the variable cost Short-run seller surplus = total revenue less variable cost Long-run seller surplus = total revenue less total cost purchasing = a buyer can apply the concept of seller surplus to reduce the cost of its purchases market seller surplus = sum of the individual seller surpluses = difference between the market revenue from some production rate and the minimum amount necessary for the market to produce that quantity 7. elasticity of supply measures the responsiveness of supply to changes in underlying factors such as the price of the item and inputs price elasticity = measures the responsiveness of the quantity supplied to changes in the price of the item = percentage by which the quantity supplied will change if the price of the item rises by 1%, other things equal Percentage change in quantity supplied Percentage change in price properties * Pure number * Positive number intuitive factors Intuitive factors * Capacity utilization a seller that has consiverable excess power will step up production in response to even a small increase in price = individual supply will be relatively elastic * Adjustment time long-run supply is relatively more elastic than the short-run supply chapter 5. competitive markets 2. perfect opposition Five conditions 1. The product is homogeneous 2. There are many buyers, each of whom purchases a quantity that is small relative to the market 3. There many sellers, each of whom supplies a quantity that is small relative to the market 4. brisk buyers and sellers can enter freely, and existing buyers and sellers can exit freely 5. All buyers and sellers have cruciate information about market conditions homogeneous product = the product is always the same competition is stronger many small buyers = no buyer can get a lower price than others all b uyers face the same price all buyers compete on the same level playing field When some buyers have market power it is not possible to construct a market demand curve many small sellers = no seller has market power no seller can get a higher price than other free entry and exit = no technological, legal or regulatory barriers constrain entry or exit the market price cannot stay above a sellers average cost for very long degree of competition also depends on barriers to exit = it must consider the exit cost when deciding whether to enter the market symmetric information = no seller can enjoy the privilege of secret information 3. market correspondence the price at which the quantity demanded equals the quantity supplied when market out of rest, market forces pushes price towards symmetricalness demand and supply At the market equilibrium, there is no tendency for price, purchases or sales to change excess supply Not in equilibrium = market price will tend to change in such a wa y as to restore equilibrium Excess supply = the amount by which the quantity supplied exceeds the quantity demanded providers would compete to clear their extra capacity and the market price would drop back toward the equilibrium excess demand = the amount by which the quantity demanded exceeds the quantity supplied when the price is below the equilibrium level buyers would compete for the limited capacity significance of equilibrium Two reasons * If a market is not in equilibrium, either buyers or sellers will push the market toward equilibrium * By comparing equilibria we can address a wide range of questions when prices are quite flexible, the market will adjust to the new equilibrium reasonably quickly, so comparing equilibria is a fairly accurate method of analysis Neither buyers nor sellers may face rationing 4. supply shift equilibrium change When price of input falls entire supply curve shifts down = at every possible sellers want to supply more price elasticitiesDownwar d or upward shift in the supply curve will change the equilibrium price by no more than the amount of the supply shift change in equilibrium price depends on the price elasticities of demand and supply Inelastic demand = buyers are completely insensitive to the price when supply curve shifts, the buyers do not change their behavior = they continue to purchase exactly the same quantity Elastic demand = buyers are extremely sensitive to price equilibrium price does not change at all If the demand is more elastic then the change in the equilibrium price result from a shift in supply will be smaller Inelastic supply = sellers are completely insensitive to the price if their costs change they will not change the quantity supplied Elastic supply if the cost of an input changes, the marginal cost changes by the same amount at all production levels common misconception = if sellers costs fall by some amount, then the market price will fall by the same amount Overlooks the impact of * Th e shift in supply on buyers = if they are very sensitive to price, the shift in supply would result in no change to the equilibrium price * The price sensitivity of sellers = if sellers are insensitive to price, then the drop in cost will not induce them to sell more Price change * Smaller if demand is more elastic than supply * Bigger if supply is more elastic than demand 5. demand shiftDemand shifts down (left) new equilibrium with lower price and lower quantity Demand shifts up (right) new equilibrium with higher price and higher quantity 6. adjustment time short-run equilibrium = point where its short-run marginal cost equals the marketprice long-run equilibrium = the point where its long-run marginal cost equals the market price demand increase Short-run equilibrium = the extent to which a seller expands its operations depends on the slope of its short-run marginal cost curve if steep then the price increase will not lead the seller to expand operations by very much Long-run equilibrium = there is enough time for all costs to become avoidable, for new sellers to enter the market and for existing sellers to leaveThe increase in demand raises the market price and hence each sellers profit = will attract new sellers to enter the market Although the price is higher than in the original equilibrium, higher input prices result in higher marginal and average cost curves in the new long-run equilibrium, each individual seller just breaks even demand reduction Extent of cutback depends on two factors * Extent of sunk costs = in an industry involving substantial sunk costs, the reduction in demand will translate into a relatively large drop in price and a small reduction in quantity * Slope of the sellers short-run marginal cost curve in the new long-run equilibrium there will be a smaller number of sellers and each will exactly break even with average total costs equal to the market price price and quantity over time Two general points * In response to shifts in demand = market price will be more volatile in the short run than the long run * In response to shifts in demand = there is a greater change in the market quantity over the long run than in the hort run In industries with substantial sunk costs the adjustment of production will be concentrated in the long run In industries where costs are minor the adjustment to shifts in demand will be relatively smoother the market price will be relatively less volatile chapter 6. conomic efficiency 2. conditions for economic efficiency economically efficient = if no reallocation of resources can make one person better off without making another person worse off persons may be human beings or businesses sufficient conditions Three sufficient conditions based on users benefits and suppliers costs 1. All users bring home the bacon the same marginal benefit 2. All suppliers operate at the same marginal cost 3. Every users marginal benefit is equal to every suppliers marginal cost Equal marginal benefit If not equal * Provide more to user with higher marginal benefit * assimilate away from user with lower marginal benefit society as a whole would be better off Equal marginal cost If not equal * Supplier with lower marginal cost should produce more * Supplier with higher marginal cost should produce less Marginal benefit equals marginal cost If not equal * If MO MC , produce more of the item * If MO MC, produce less of the item philosophical basis Technical efficiency = providing an item at the minimum possible cost does not imply that scarce resources are being well used The concept of economic efficiency extends beyond technical efficiency Economic efficiency assesses resource allocations in terms of each individual users evaluation of the benefit inseparable organization production will be efficient if all users achieve the same marginal benefit, all suppliers operate at the same marginal cost and every users marginal benefit balances every suppliers marginal cost 3 . adam smiths invisible hand Invisible hand = market price guides buyers and sellers, acting independently and selfishly to channel scarce resources into economically efficient uses competitive market = satisfies all three requirements for economic efficiency market system = an economic system in which resources are allocated through the independent decisions of buyers and sellers, guided by freely moving prices Price performs two roles * It communicates all the necessary information It provides a concrete incentive for each buyer to purchase the quantity that balances marginal benefit with the market price it provides a concrete incentive for every seller to supply the quantity that balances marginal cost with the market price 4. decentralised management internal market Transfer price = price charged for the sale of an item within an organization should set it equal to market price = by decentralizing the management is establishing an internal market that is integrated with the external market capital punishment Two general rules * If there is a competitive market for the item, the transplant price should be set equal to the market price * Producing units should be allowed to sell the product outside buyers and consuming units should be allowed to buy the product from external sources Outsoarcing = purchase of services or supplies from external sourcesAny organization that used resources or products for which there are competitive markets can apply decentralization to achieve internal economic efficiency 5 incidence = both pricing methods have exactly the same impact on the manufacturer and customer encumbranceage inclusive pricing Cost and freight = a price that includes freight Ex- whole kit and caboodle pricing = does not include the freight cost entire supply supply curve will shift down = with ex-works demand, the buyers will now have to pay the freight cost price is lower = total price is equal if you increase the price with the freight cost Pr ice and sales are the same whether the sellers do or do not include the freight cost in their prices incidence the change in the price for a buyer or seller resulting from a shift in demand or supply whether manufacturers set prices that do or do not include the feight cost, the incidence is the same = the incidence does not depend on which side initially pays the freight cost depends only on the price elasticities of demand and supply taxes = government depend on tax revenues to support public services such as national defense, some are levied on consumers, others on businesses buyers vis-a-vis sellers price Sellers price = buyers price tax Buyers price = price that buyers pay Sellers price = price that sellers receive p156 tax incidence buyers price will rise by less than the amount of the tax and the sellers price will drop by less than the amount of the tax tax is generally shared between buyers and sellers according to their relatively price elasticities * Less sensitive = will bear the relatively larger portion of the tax part II market power chapter 7. costs 2. economies of scale = analyze how costs depend on the scale or rate of production decision on scale also depends on market demand and competition Fixed cost = cost of inputs that do not change with the production rate Variable cost = cost of inputs that change with the production rate marginal and average costsMarginal cost = rate of change of the variable cost if average variable cost remains constant, then the marginal cost will be the same Economies of scale = increasing returns to scale = a business for which the average cost decreases with the scale of production marginal cost will be lower than the average cost = since the marginal unit of production costs less than the average, any increase in production will reduce the average intuitive factors Two possible sources * Substantial fixed inputs = at a larger scale, the cost of the fixed inputs will be spread over more units of produ ction business with a strong element of composition, design or invention * If the average variable cost falls with the scale of production = whether the average variable cost increases or falls depends on the particular technology of the business diseconomies of scale = a business where the average cost increases with the scale of production If * Fixed cost is not substantial * And variable cost rises more than proportionately with the scale of production strategic implications If economies of scope * Large scale * Market concentrated, few suppliers * Monopoly and oligopoly If diseconomies of scope * Small scale * Market fragmented * Perfect competition 3. economies of scope if the total cost of production is lower when two products are produced together than when they are produced separately Diseconomies of scope = if the total cost of production is higher when two products are produced together joint cost = cost of inputs that do not change with the scope of production strategic implications exercise telecommunication and broadcasting Produce/deliver multiple products * Product mix * Brand extension Core competence = a generalized expertise in the design, production and marketing of products based on common or closely related technologies = joint cost diseconomies of scope = if the total cost of production is higher when the two items are produced together than when they are produced separately arise where the joint costs are not significant and making one product increases the cost of making the other in the same facility 4. experience curve Accumulated experience = matters in industries characterized by relatively short production runs and a relatively substantial input of human resources As engineers and workers gain experience in production, they become more proficient individually and as a squad they devise new ways to reduce cost, including better tools and more cost-effective procedures Experience curve = shows how the unit cost of production fall s with cumulative production over time Distinguish from economies of scope within one production period Conditions comparatively large human resources input per unit of production * Relatively small production runs 5. fortune cost = it is necessary to look beyond the conventional accounting statements Relevance = key principle = managers should consider only relevant costs and ignore others alternative rails of action = to evaluate a business conventional income statement does not present the revenues and costs of the alternative courses of action = costs are actually higher because of the opportunity cost opportunity cost defined Opportunity cost = net revenue from the best alternative course of action uncovering relevant costs Two ways to uncover relevant costs Consider the alternative courses of action * Use the concept of opportunity cost = both approaches lead to the same business decision Alternative courses of action and opportunity cists change with the circumstances and hence are more difficult to measure and verify opportunity cost of capital A business that is partly financed by debs will appear to be less profitable than an otherwise identical business that is completely financed by equity equity capital is not costless = it has an opportunity cost Economic value added = net operation profit after tax subject to adjustments for accounting conventions less a charge for the cost of capital they are less likely to be diagonal in favor of capitalintensive activities A complete measure of business e performance should take account of the opportunity cost of equity capital 6. transfer pricing Transfer price = transfer price of an internally produced input should be set equal to its marginal cost perfectly competitive market Transfer price = market price full capacity = marginal cost of the input is not well defined transfer price should be set equal to the opportunity cost of the input which is the marginal benefit that the input provides to the c urrent user = compare marginal benefit across internal users 7. sunk costs a cost that has been committed and so cannot be avoided not relevant to business decisions alternative courses of action Depend on * forward commitments * Planning horizon Continue Cancel Cont. margin $280,000 $0 Advert agency $50,000 $50,000 Magazine $250,000 $50,000 wampum ($20,000) ($100,000) Continue Cont. margin $280,000 Advert agency $0 Magazine $200,000 Profit $80,000 = only avoidable costs strategic implications = managers should ignore sunk costs and consider only avoidable costs sunk costs are not relevant for pricing, investment, or any other business decision Two ways of dealing with sunk costs Explicitly consider the alternative courses of action * Remove all sunk costs from the income statement = both approaches lead to the same business decision it is easier to consider the alternative courses of action explicitly when multiple alternatives commitments and the think horizon To identify sunk costs consider * Past commitments * Planning horizon The longer the planning horizon, the more time there will be for past commitments to unwind and hence the greater will be managements freedom of action Short-run planning horizon = some sunk costs Long-run horizon = no sunk cost Sunk vis-a-vis fixed costs Fixed cost two different senses A cost that cannot be avoided once incurred * A cost of inputs that do not change with the production rate = two types of costs have very different implications for business decisions Not all sunk costs are fixed = cost op public service employees is sunk, once they secure tenure. However, government could have hired only temporary workers (no sunk costs) 8. statistical methods multipple regression = to investigate the extent of fixed costs and economies of scale forecasting = to forecast the dependent variable when the independent variables take different values Other applications Investigate the presence of joint costs across two products hapter 8. Monopoly 1. Introduction Monopoly = if there is only one seller in a market Monopsony = if there is only one buyer in a market 2. sources of market power = the barriers that deter or prevent entry by other competing sellers/buyers monopoly Unique resource = access to unique physical, natural or human resources Intellectual situation = property over inventions or expressions Patent = gives the owner an exclusive right to the invention for a specified period of time Copyright = establishes property in published expressions, including computer software and engineering drawings Economies of scale and scope Product differentiation differentiating itself from competitors through product design, distribution, and advertising and promotion Regulation = government may decide to award an exclusive franchise to one provider government hopes to avoid duplication and reduce the cost of the service monopsy = same factors as a monopoly Additional reason for presenc e = existence of a monopoly a seller that has a monopoly over some good or service is also likely to have market power over the inputs into that item 3. Monopoly pricing Monopoly has to consider how its sales will affect the market price Given the market demand curve a monopoly can Set the price and let the market determine how much it will buy * Decide how much to sell and let he market determine the price at which it is willing to buy that quantity Monopoly is choosing a combination of price and sales off the demand curve a monopoly can set either the price or sales but not both revenue Inframarginal units = those other than the marginal unit Marginal revenue from selling an additional unit will be less than the price of that unit = marginal revenue is the price of the marginal unit minus the loss of revenue on the inframarginal units difference between the price and the marginal revenue depends on the price elasticity * Demand elastic = seller need not reduce the price very mu ch to increase sales marginal revenue will be close to the price * Demand inelastic seller must reduce the price substantially to increase sales marginal revenue will be much lower than price Marginal revenue can be negative = if the loss of revenue on the inframarginal units exceeds the fain on the marginal unit Profit maximizing price Profit maximizing scale of operation = the scale at which the marginal revenue balances the marginal cost Contribution margin = total revenue less the variable cost a seller maximizes profit by operating at a scale where the sale of an additional unit will result in no change to the contribution margin economic inefficiency Marginal benefit exceeds the marginal cost 4. demand and cost changes Change in demand * New marginal revenue * Original marginal cost = new profit-maximizing sales and price arginal cost change = change in price is less than change in marginal cost When there is a change in either demand or cost, the extent to which a monopoly should adjust its price depends on the shapes of both it marginal revenue and marginal cost curves it should adjust the price until its marginal revenue equals its marginal cost fixed cost change = profit-maximizing price and scale do not depend in any way on the fixed cost changes in the fixed cost will not affect the marginal cost curve If the fixed cost is so large that the total cost exceeds total revenue, then the monopoly will prefer to shut down 5. advertising Promotion the set of marketing activities that a business undertakes to communicate with its customers and sell its products advertising, sales promotion and public relations benefit of advertising Advertising can cause * Shifting out the demand curve * Demand to be less elastic Benefit of advertising = change in the contribution margin Net benefit = the change in the contribution margin less the advertising expenditure advertise up to the point that the increase in contribution margin from an additional dollar of advertising is exactly 1 $ = more appropriate to consider the effect of advertising on the contribution margin generated by the product dvertising-sales ratio Incremental margin = price less the marginal cost = increase in the contribution margin from selling an additional unit, holding the price constant Incremental marginal percentage = ratio of the price less the marginal cost to the price measures the production of benefit by each dollar of advertising Advertising-sales ratio = additive margin multiplied by the advertising elasticity of demand = says how much of the revenue should be invested in advertising 6. research and development = principles are the same as for advertising and promotion Benefit * Shifting out the demand curve * Causing it to be less elasticNet benefit from R&D = change in the contribution margin less the R&D expenditure R&D-sales ratio = incremental margin percentage multiplied by the R&D elasticity of demand project evaluation = decisions on individual R&D projects should account for the timing of costs and benefits p 212 7. Market structure effects of competition General points * A monopoly restricts production below the competitive level and it can set a relatively higher price extracting larger profit * Profit of a monopoly exceeds what would be the combined profit of all the sellers if the same market were perfectly competitive potential competition dead contestable a market in which sellers can entry and exit at no cost monopoly cannot raise price substantially above its long-run average cost depends on the extent of barriers to entry and exit lerner index = incremental margin percentage can be used to compare the degree of monopoly power in markets with different prices captures the impact of potential competition (P MC) / P Perfectly competitive market = lerner index equals 0 Monopoly = bigger than 0 Problem = it will not detect the power that a monopoly does not exercise 8. monopsy = buyer with market power restric ts purchases to depress the price Trades off * Marginal expenditure * Marginal benefit Marginal expenditure = change in expenditure resulting from an increase in purchases by one unit maximizing net benefit a monopsy will maximize its net benefit by purchasing the quantity at which its marginal benefit equals its marginal expenditure A monopsony restricts purchases to get a lower price and increase its net benefit above the competitive level chapter 9. Pricing 2. uniform pricing = policies where the seller charges the same price for every unit of the product price elasticity = percentage by which the quantity demanded will change if the price of the item rises by 1% Demand inelastic sales fall less than proportionately with the increase in price = total revenue will increase profit maximizing price Incremental margin percentage = 1/price elasticity of demand demand and cost changesPricing rule shows how a seller should adjust its price when there are changes in the price elasticit y of demand or marginal cost a seller should not necessarily adjust the price by the same amount as a change in marginal cost common misconceptions * Contribution margin percentage = revenue less variable cost divided by revenue accounting systems often assume that costs are proportional = marginal cost is the same as the average variable cost = contribution margin percentage equals the incremental margin percentage * the belief that the profit maximizing price depends only on the elasticity = ignores costs * set the price by marking up average cost problems * in economies of scale, the average cost depends on the production scale the need of an assumption about the scale sales and production scale depend on the price * it gives no guidance as to the appropriate mark-up on average cost Shortcomings * leaves buyers with a lot of buyers surplus * does not sell to every potential buyer 3. complete price discrimination price discrimination = selling down the market demand curve = pr icing insurance under which a seller sets prices to earn different incremental margins on various units of the same or a similar product Complete price discrimination = a pricing policy where the seller prices each unit at the buyers benefit and sells a quantity such that the marginal benefit equals the marginal cost it charges every buyer the maximum that he or she is willing to pay for each unit comparison with uniform pricing resolves the two shortcomings of uniform pricing * no buyers surplus * economically efficient quantity information = to implement complete price discrimination, the seller must know each potential buyers individual demand curve not enough to know the market demand curve or the price elasticity of the individual demand curves 4. direct surgical incision discrimination Segment = significant cohesive group of buyers within a large market homogenous segments Direct segment discrimination = the policy of setting different incremental margins to each identifiabl e segment heterogeneous segments Not enough information * apply uniform pricing within each segment prices are such that the incremental margin percentage for each segment equals the reciprocal of the absolute value of the segments price elasticity of demand * apply indirect segment discrimination within each segment implementation Conditions * To implement direct segment discrimination, the seller must identify and be able to use some identifiable and fixed buyer characteristic that segments the market otherwise buyer might switch segments * Seller must be able to prevent buyers from reselling the product among themselves = price discrimination is relatively more general in services than goods and is especially common in personal services Policy of direct segment discrimination prices should be set to derive a relatively lower incremental margin percentage from the segment with the more elastic demand and a relatively higher incremental margin percentage from the segment with th e less elastic demand 5. location Seller can discriminate on the basis of the buyers location on two ways * Free on board (FOB) = a common price to all buyers that does not include delivery the differences among the prices at various locations are exactly the differences in the costs of delivery to those locations * Ignores the differences between the price elasticities of demand in the various markets * Cost including freight = delivered pricing = set prices that include delivery the difference in the prices between the two market will simply be the result of the different incremental margin percentage and the different marginal costs of supplying the two markets A lower margin does not necessarily mean a lower price because there is a transportation cost restricitng resale = if the difference between the prices of a product between two markets exceeds the transportation cost, consumers might buy the item in one market and ship it to the other gray market = parallel importing 6. indirect segment discrimination = when seller may know that specific segments have different demand curves but cannot find a fixed characteristic with which to discriminate directly Indirect Segment discrimination policy of structuring a choice for buyers so as to earn different incremental margins from each segment voorbeeld p 244-245 implementation Two conditions * Seller must have control over some variable to which buyers in the various segments are differentially sensitive * Buyers must not be able to circumvent the discriminating variable = seller cannot prevent buyers from reselling the product 7. bundle up = combination of two or more products into one package with a single price pure bundling = a pricing policy that offers only a bundle and does not allow the alternative of buying the individual products = more profitable than uniform pricing but less than direct segment discrimination mixed bundling offers buyers a structure choice between the budle and the individual p roducts = form of indirect segment discrimination implementation Three conditions to be effective * Where there is substantial disparity among the segments in their benefits from the separate products * Where the benefits of the segments are negatively correlated in the sense that a product that is more unspoilt to one segment provides relatively little benefit to another * Where the marginal cost of providing the product is low = when provision of the product commands a substantial marginal cost, a seller should consider mixed bundling 8. selecting the pricing policy Direct discrimination works through buyer attributesIndirect segment discrimination works through product attributes products under indirect discrimination may provide less benefit than those with direct segmentation indirect discrimination may involve relatively higher costs indirect discrimination relies on the various segments voluntarily identifying themselves through the structured choice cannibalization = wh en the sales of one product reduce the demand for another product with a higher incremental margin seller cannot discriminate directly and must rely on a structured choice of products to discriminate indirectly but discriminating variable does not perfectly separate the buyer segmentsWays to mitigate cannibalization * Product design * By unequivocal availability chapter 10. strategic thinking 1. introduction Strategy = a plan for action in a situation where the parties actively consider the interactions with one another in making decisions Game theory = a set of ideas and principles to guide strategic thinking * Simultaneous actions = strategic form * Sequential actions = extensive form 2. nash equilibrium = a framework for strategic decisions that must be taken simultaneously A scheme is dominated = if it generates worse consequences than some other strategy regardless of the other parties choice Game in strategic form a tabular representation of a strategic situation, showing o ne partys strategies along the rows, the other partys strategies along the

Identity and Belonging

38 A Postcolonial think of Identity Crisis in Mohsin Hamids the Reluctant Fundamentalist Daryoosh Hayati Islamic Azad University, Iran schema This essay will present a postcolonial study of Mohsin Hamids the Reluctant Fundamentalist. The basis for this research paper is the postcolonial theories of Ed state of ward Said, Fanon and Homi Bhabba. The aim is to question simply and sardonic eachy the humanity cost of empire building, more(prenominal)oer it is discussed how the people in a totally alien stopping point be faced with different hea and accordingly predicaments, dilemmas as easily as contradictions threatening their individualism.Identity is supposed to be stable, while as this original indicates, it is at risk due to the heathen conflicts as a result of which identity and ethnicity atomic number 18 subjected to change for the benefit of the hegemony. In parameter with Edward Saids the eastward writes back it is sh admit how this novel is a reaction to the disc ourse of colonization and welcomes de-colonization. moreover it reflects the laments of the author for the terrorist label attri merelyed to Muslims, in terms of globoseization, supported by the hegemony and interpreted as essentialism.Key words globalization, identity, postcolonial, binary op presents, separateness, hegemony, hybridity and ethnicity. BARNOLIPI An interdisciplinary journal strength II. replication II. ISSN 2249 2666 www. reflecti adeptdu. com/barnolipi. php reflexion Mentoring Services 39 Introduction Post colonialism deals with the aftermath of colonialism. It is some the painstaking struggle of being independent. The society is no longer being oppressed they be independent, free to be themselves over again.However theyve changed, their stopping point has changed now they need to figure forth who they receivedly are. In other words they are faced with identity link choices. Ex-colonies are to choose either to make an attempt to restore the original culture, or conform to the animated colonizers culture or the creation of a bracing culture which combines both(prenominal). In other words such(prenominal) nations are encountered by difficult stopping points to make. Either to assimilate or dissimilate is the existential condition ex-colonies are exposed to. Such a question faces the ex-colonies with an unresolved predicament.The assimilation and adaptation of cultural practices, the cross-fertilization of cultures, kitty be seen as positive, enriching, and dynamic, as well as oppressive. Hybridity is also a useful concept for helping to break d experience the false maven that colonized cultures or colonizing cultures for that matter are monolithic, or contain essential, unchanging features. The growth of hybriditythe dissolution of rigid cultural boundaries betwixt companys hitherto perceived as separate, the intermixture of discordant identities, in effect the dissolution of identities themselves.Much anthropology i n this field demonstrates how identities accommodate been and are invented, reinvented and shaped for political and other purposes, out of disparate historical and cultural experiences. Other studies have repeatedly shown that identities are operate with contradictions and are non to be unders to a faultd as seamlessly unified comprehensive cultural entities, therefore impossible to go back to the original wiz. BARNOLIPI An interdisciplinary daybook Volume II. subject field II. ISSN 2249 2666 www. commentedu. com/barnolipi. php saying Mentoring Services 40 Identities owe their formation and position in society to the operation of social, economic, cultural, and political forces that are inseparable from the forces that create and go on socioeconomic groups. In this view, rather than being opposed, identity politics and course of study politics, while distinct, have the potential to be allied actors in a commonality political dish up.The three most influential theoris ts whose ideas regarding the causes of the oriental identity being changed include Fanon, Bhabha and Edward Said according to whom The sew was almost a European invention, and had been since ancientness a place or romance, exotic beings, haunting memories and landscapes, remarkable experiences The Orient is nor still adjacent to Europe it is also the place of Europes superior and richest and oldest colonies, the source of its civilizations and languages, its cultural contestant, and unitary of its deepest and most recurring images of the Other.In addition, the Orient has helped to define Europe (or the West) as its contrasting image, idea, personality, experience. Yet none of this Orient is merely imaginative. The Orient is an integral part of European material civilization and culture. Orientalism expresses and represents that part culturally and tied(p) ideologically as a mode of discourse with supporting institutions, vocabulary, scholarship, imagery, doctrines, scour colo nial bureaucracies and colonial styles. ideas, cultures, and histories dissolvenot seriously be understood or studied without their force, or more precisely their configurations of power, also being studied. To believe that the Orient was created or, as I call it, Orientalised and to BARNOLIPI An interdisciplinary journal Volume II. Issue II. ISSN 2249 2666 www. reflectionedu. com/barnolipi. php formulation Mentoring Services 41 believe that such things happen simply as a necessity of the imagination, is to be disingenuous. The relationship between Occident and Orient is a relationship of power, of domination, of varying degrees of a complex hegemony. Said, pp 30-35 and 60) Frantz Fanon stands as the second outstanding dilettante in the field whose ideas, together with those of Bhabha and Said provide a strong basis for the study of cultural influences in the field This cultural obliteration is do possible by the negation of national reality, by the new legal relations in troduced by the occupying power, by the banishment of the natives and their customs to outlying districts by colonial society, by expropriation, and by the systematic enslaving of men and women E genuinely effort is made to bring the colonized person to admit the inferiority of his culture which has been transformed into instinctive patterns of behaviour, to manage the unreality of his nation, and, in the last extreme, the confused and imperfect calibre of his own biological structure. ( Fanon, p. 58) Last entirely not the least, attention must be enjoin toward the theories Homi K. Bhabha known as Hybridity and the Third Space It is that Third Space, though unrepresentable in itself, which constitutes the discursive conditions of nunciation that ensure that the meaning and symbols of BARNOLIPI An Interdisciplinary Journal Volume II. Issue II. ISSN 2249 2666 www. reflectionedu. com/barnolipi. php REFLECTION Mentoring Services 42 culture have no primordial unity or fixity t hat compensate the same signs can and be read appropriated, anew. The translated, Western rehistoricized metropole must confront its postcolonial history, told by its influx of postwar migrants and refugees, as an indigenous or native narrative internal to its national identity The cark with the English is that their hiss hiss history happened overseas, so they dodo dont know what it means. Bhabha, p, 15) Discussion The reluctant fundamentalist is in line with the above mentioned views. The Reluctant Fundamentalist immediately de-stabilizes the gaze of the West upon the Islamic universe of discourse. The novels spread outing sees Changez immigrating to the fall in States, attending Princeton, and receiving a high-stakes and oft coveted entry-level position in a stark naked York City art consulting firm, Underwood Samson. It would seem that he is the living embodiment of the the Statesn Dream, having toiled endless hours for these opportunities and possessing a bright, abso lute future. However, after the terrorist attacks on 9/11, his attitude toward the United States changes, especially as he becomes the target of racism and enhanced surveillance.By the conclusion, one is unsure whether or not this conversation partner is actually a CIA assassin dispatched to Pakistan to terminate Changez. Changez, constructed as a modern Muslim immigrant and anti-hero, sees fit to challenge the reductive lens that casts all Muslims as religious fanatics and backwards zealots. BARNOLIPI An Interdisciplinary Journal Volume II. Issue II. ISSN 2249 2666 www. reflectionedu. com/barnolipi. php REFLECTION Mentoring Services 43 The novel ultimately poses the interesting stance that neo-liberalism exists as its own form of fundamentalism the Wests utter devotion to the precepts of a laissez- finee economic policy has generated a totalizing view of the globe as a terrain to be mined and exploited.Those who do not follow this mantra can necessarily be considered a threat, and in this novels case, real ofttimes a terrorist threat. This intervention places into relief the ways in which the West mogul not necessarily view its own economic activities critically passable. Underwood Samson, in Changezs view, is the clear example of the soullessness of the West. The comp either does not generate a purchasable product, but is yet extremely sought after for its ability to evaluate other companies. That is, their job epitomizes capitalism to its very core through the ability to place value on objects, structures, bodies or put to workes. Where Changez finds root is in a Pakistani culture that does not subscribe to this same system of beliefs. Although Changezs Underwood Samson advisor, Jim, appeals to him through the popular opinion that Underwood Samson cannot be conflated with American economic policies at stupendous, the novel concludes with Changez retreating into the confines of nationalisms and discrete boundary points. For him, Underwood Samson merely operates as an appendage of American fundamentalism, one that must be combated through Pakistani economic independency. The Reluctant Fundamentalist is the story of a man who is surprised by the intensity of his reactions when he perceives a threat to his cultural identity. Beware the grim Side, young Skywalker, a colleague tells Changez at the induction party.This is said in jest, but the Star Wars legend of a youngster who betrays his own kind for an injustice Empire, in the process losing his soul and playing perioding into a mechanical man, will uncomfortably resonate with Changezs own integration into American bearing. Later in the narrative, he will BARNOLIPI An Interdisciplinary Journal Volume II. Issue II. ISSN 2249 2666 www. reflectionedu. com/barnolipi. php REFLECTION Mentoring Services 44 hear most the Janissaries, the Christian boys who were captured and trained to be soldiers in a Muslim army, at that time the greatest army in the populacethey had foug ht to erase their own civilizations, so they had nothing else to turn to.These analogies will badger into his deep-rooted fears the fear of contributing to the wealth-generation of the most powerful empire in the arena even while his own country languishes in poverty and he feels like a stranger on each successive visit to Lahore. The fear of a shrinking global world where global is defined in terms of the US model. The fear of becoming, inadvertently, a foot-soldier in Americas march of progress, as a result his identity resembles that of Janissaries. And yet this young man, who would sure at some point have thought of himself as a citizen of the world, unconfined by narrow domestic walls, slowly becomes defensive about his identity.Early on, he has already been discomfited by little things watching his colleagues part with large sums of money, for instance, reminds him of the poverty in his country, and on a business trip to Manila he is mortified to discover that even this (Ea stern) city is so much wealthier than Lahore I felt like a distance runner who thinks he is not doing too badly until he glances over his shoulder and sees that the fellow who is lapping him is not the leader of the pack but one of the laggards. (p. 176) But after the 9/11 attacks and the racial profiling that accompanies it, he becomes ever more conscious of the need to define himself, and this leads to disaffection with his adopted country. Changezs dilemmas are complicated by his feelings for a girl named Erica, a fellow Princetonian they become close but she is haunted by herBARNOLIPI An Interdisciplinary Journal Volume II. Issue II. ISSN 2249 2666 www. reflectionedu. com/barnolipi. php REFLECTION Mentoring Services 45 memories of a deceased boyfriend, and an awkward lovemaking scene shows us that Changezs relationship with her mirrors his relationship with the US he can possess her only by pretending to be someone he is not, by relinquishing his own sense of self. And tho ugh the book ends on an ambiguous note, refusing to divulge the extent to which Changez has traded one fundamentalism for another, we understand how an unbridgeable divide, an tune of mutual distrust, can be created between cultures.In other words, Bhabha argues that cultural identities cannot be ascribed to pre-given, irreducible, scripted, a historical cultural traits that define the conventions of ethnicity. Nor can colonizer and colonized be viewed as separate entities that define themselves independently. Instead, Bhabha suggests that the negotiation of cultural identity involves the continual interface and exchange of cultural performances that in turn produce a mutual and mutable recognition (or representation) of cultural difference. As Bhabha argues, this liminal space is a hybrid site that witnesses the productionrather than just the reflectionof cultural meaningThe novels central point is the pride of the American empire which is make on the guts of finance Finance was a particular means by which the American empire exercised its power. A mirror, reflecting the mutual suspicion with which America and Pakistan (or the Muslim world) look at one another. Excuse me, sir, but may I be of assistance? Ah, I see I have alarmed you. Do not be frightened by my byssus I am a lover of America. So begins Changezs monologue that charts the rise and fall of this man, from Princeton University, to employment in a prestigious firm, his love for BARNOLIPI An Interdisciplinary Journal Volume II. Issue II.ISSN 2249 2666 www. reflectionedu. com/barnolipi. php REFLECTION Mentoring Services 46 a fellow New Yorker named Erica, to the increasing suspicion he feels after the destruction of the World Trade Centre, and the escalating conflict in his home country of Pakistan, which he watches from across the Atlantic, powerless to help. What distinguishes The Reluctant Fundamentalist is its monologue form. Changez is relating his tale to an American who may or may n ot be CIA and Changez may or may not be a terrorist. The duality that this text invokes is mirrored through the possibly radicalisation Changez undergoes and the want of mind that befalls Erica.At the end of this superbly powerful narrative every character is remaining hanging off metaphorical and literal cliffs (or having gone over them) that one is reminded that this is simply not a story of a rise and fall, but is concerned with events that happened after the fall, for falling is only but the beginning of one story. The study of identity is in most cases associated with considering the changes in circumstances or a ones personality. Colonies go through many changes throughout their existence. When looking at pre-colonialism, one sees the demesnes original culture. Their beliefs and customs run smoothly in a functioning society. Colonialism changes everything.In almost all cases of colonialism, the norms, beliefs and cultural values of the larger power are forced upon all of t he colonies natives. This is because the colonizer believes that the natives are savages and need to be civilized. The natives have no choice but to accept these new ways of life. The settlers technology is more advanced and they could easily wipe out all natives who refuse to conform to the new culture. This is where the depletion of their culture begins. Natives stop practicing their religion. In most cases they convert to Christianity, mainly because it is forced onto them. In order to communicate BARNOLIPI An Interdisciplinary Journal Volume II. Issue II. ISSN 2249 2666 www. reflectionedu. com/barnolipi. php REFLECTION Mentoring Services 47 ith the colonizers or the settlers, they start speaking the settlers language. Soon enough their own is lost. After so many years of colonialism, the natives become similar to their colonizers. The colonizers control education, therefore they control the thoughts and ideas absorbed by the youth. Natives children absorb the new culture an d ideas at a young age. Because of this, the original culture is lost in new generations. The colonizer is a brute force which oppresses the natives. In the fight of this oppression, independence is fought for and a culture that has almost been forgotten is once again sought after. What is left of the original culture?The representation of these uneven and often hybrid, polyglot, multivalent cultural sites (reclaimed or discovered colonized cultures searching for identity and meaning in a complex and partially alien past) may not look very much like the representations of bourgeois culture in western art, ideologically shaped as western art is to represent its own truths (that is, guiding fictions) about itself. To quote Homi Bhabha on the complex issue of representation and meaning from his article in Greenblatt and Guns Redrawing the Boundaries Culture as a strategy of survival is both transnational and translational. It is transnational because contemporary ostcolonial discourses are rooted in specific histories of cultural displacement, whether they are the middle passage of slaver and indenture, the voyage out of the civilizing mission, the fraught fitting of Third World migration to the West after the Second World War, or the traffic of economic and political refugees within and outside the Third World. BARNOLIPI An Interdisciplinary Journal Volume II. Issue II. ISSN 2249 2666 www. reflectionedu. com/barnolipi. php REFLECTION Mentoring Services 48 Culture is translational because such spatial histories of displacement now accompanied by the territorial ambitions of global media technologies make the question of how culture signifies, or what is signified by culture, a rather complex issue.It becomes crucial to distinguish between the semblance and similitude of the symbols across diverse cultural experiences -literature, art, music, ritual, life, death and the social specificity of each of these productions of meaning as they circulate as signs within specific contextual locations and social systems of value. The transnational dimension of cultural transformation migration, diaspora, displacement, relocation makes the process of cultural translation a complex form of signification. the natural(ized), unifying discourse of nation , peoples , or authentic menage tradition, those embedded myths of cultures particularity, cannot be readily referenced. The great, though unsettling, advantage of this position is that it makes you increasingly aware of the construction of culture and the invention of tradition. (P. 178)In as much as Changez can see that the United States turns to a reductive patriotism in the crystallise of the age of terror, his equally resistant and myopic gaze constrains him into a perspective where the very few American individuals can be seen beyond their economic ferocity or racist jingoism. In addition, Changezs Pakistani nationalism seems to subvert any possibility for a larger Third World sensibilit y that he had espoused in front in the novel. Whereas Pakistan and Afghanistan are both likened to victims BARNOLIPI An Interdisciplinary Journal Volume II. Issue II. ISSN 2249 2666 www. reflectionedu. com/barnolipi. php REFLECTION Mentoring Services 49 in Americas war on terror, it seems in particular problematic that Changez does not expand his scope to include the various other Third World nations that have been targeted by Americas economic or military fundamentalisms.By introducing these, Hamid seems to suggest that Changezs story acts as its own polemic toward the ways that the West can produce the so-called terrorist through and by false oppositions that construct the unequivocal Muslim or Arab as foreigner to the nation. The novel imagines the possibility that fundamentalism has many guises, both religiously grounded and secular. The questions it thus provokes are inherently some of the most valuable elements to the current issues related to international security. R egarding the war on terror, Jean Baudrillard has written, It is therefore a clash neither of civilizations nor of religions, and this goes far beyond Islam and America, upon which one attempts to focus the conflict in order to give oneself the phantasy of a visible confrontation, and solution, by the use of force (406). Baudrillard disrupts the binary that Changez seems most ervent to posit and in doing so, perhaps unveils a different root source for an existing conflict But the fourth world war is elsewhere. It is what haunts all world order, all hegemonic domination. If Islam dominated the world, terrorism would rise against Islam. It is the very world itself that resists globalization (407). innate(p) in Pakistan, educated at Princeton and currently the hottest new employee at a New York firm specialising in ruthless appraisals of ailing BARNOLIPI An Interdisciplinary Journal Volume II. Issue II. ISSN 2249 2666 www. reflectionedu. com/barnolipi. php REFLECTION Mentoring Ser vices 50 companies being targeted for takeover, Changez recognises himself in the description. I was a modern-day janissary, he observes, a servant of the American empire at a time when it was invading a country with a kinship to mine The recognition ( empire is doomed to failure, as the world itself is against hegemony) completes a process of inward transformation that began when he realised he was half-gladdened by the World Trade Center attacks, and it now prompts him to sabotage his own high-flying career, to give up his interest group of the beautiful, troubled Wasp princess Erica and go back to Lahore. There, bearded and generally re-acculturated, he meets an American in a restaurant in the Old Anarkali district, and buttonholes him with his life story.The novel is his monologue a quietly told, cleverly constructed fable of infatuation and disenchantment with America, set on the treacherous faultiness of current binary East/West relations, and finely tuned to the ironies of mutual but especially American prejudice and misrepresentation. The richest instance of the latter is in the way it plays with the idea of fundamentalism itself. From the title, and from the increasingly tense atmosphere arising between Changez and his American listener, the expectation is that Changez is moving towards the revelation that he has gone, however reluctantly, all the way over to the dark side of Islamic fundamentalism, and is possibly, even as he speaks, rchestrating some Daniel Pearl-like execution of his perhaps literally captive audience. But in a neat arguably too neat reversal, it transpires that the real fundamentalism at issue here is that of US capitalism, specifically that practised by Changezs former employer, Underwood Samson, whose motto, as they do BARNOLIPI An Interdisciplinary Journal Volume II. Issue II. ISSN 2249 2666 www. reflectionedu. com/barnolipi. php REFLECTION Mentoring Services 51 their pitiless bit for globalisation, is Focus on the fu ndamentals. The subverted expectation very efficiently forces one to reconsider ones preconceptions about such words and their meanings, and a point is duly scored for relativism.Changez pithily summarises, for instance, the experience of every happy Manhattan transplant when he declares I was, in four and a half years, never an American I was immediately a New Yorker. And his figure for that city in its ominously flag-bedecked state following the 9/11 attacks I wondered what expression of host would sally forth from so grand a castle is perfect both as a visual image and as a deepening of the books running theme in which the triumphalist militarism of the US is repeatedly mapped over the ruined glory of the old Mughal empire. To be fair, the allegory isnt as glibly meddling as that makes it sound, but it has a stiffening effect on the narrative, shifting it from the dramatic to the essayistic.Its no great surprise to hear Changez drop his sinuously selfdeprecating manner towar ds the end, in favour of something more fingerwaggingly polemical I had eer resented the manner in which America conducted itself in the world your countrys constant interference in the affairs of others was insufferable. Vietnam, Korea, the sound of Taiwan (p. 179) BARNOLIPI An Interdisciplinary Journal Volume II. Issue II. ISSN 2249 2666 www. reflectionedu. com/barnolipi. php REFLECTION Mentoring Services 52 Assimilation is another aspect of Changeezs identity, but as earlier discussed his identity is subjected to inevitable dichotomies.In fact assimilation is a process that presupposes contradictions. But surely it is the gist that matters I am, after all, telling you a history, and in history, as I suspect you an American will agree, it is the thrust of ones narrative that counts, not the accuracy of ones details. (p. 118) When Changez talks of his attempt to assimilate, the reviewer is struck by the dishonesty of that attempt I attempted to act and speak, as much as m y dignity would permit, more like an American. The Filipinos we worked with seemed to look up to my American colleagues, accepting them almost instinctively as members of the officer class of global business-and I wanted my share of that respect as well. (p. 5) Later, Changez seems to recognize, for the first time, how unable(p) his efforts are indeed one of my colleagues asked me a question, and when I turned to answer him, something rather strange took place. I looked at him at his fair hair and light eyes and, most of all, his oblivious immersion in the minutiae of our work and thought, you are so foreign. (p. 67) The book is about Changezs change or realization, which transforms him from an American financial psychoanalyst from Princeton to an individual BARNOLIPI An Interdisciplinary Journal Volume II. Issue II. ISSN 2249 2666 www. reflectionedu. com/barnolipi. php REFLECTION Mentoring Services 53 reintroduced to his cultural identity and family.The book begins when Ch angez accepts a job at a valuation firm and begins a relationship with an American girl named Erica. During the story, 9-11 occurs and the IndianPakistani conflict arises. Changez sees Americas global role as one of selfinterest and he feels as though he is leaving behind his natural culture and identity. The Reluctant Fundamentalist does not delve into religious fundamentalism much at all, nor does it go into any detail about criticism of the foreign policy of the United States. It focuses around Changez inner struggle, his relationship with Erica, his relationship with his work, and his continuing desire for resolution in his sense of identity.After all, it seemed to be one of the several Post-September11 novels on the themes of immigrant identity and allegiance in the context of Americas changing international relations. In addition to Changez, another haunting character in the novel is Erica, Changezs frail American girl friend. A typical privileged American girl, Erica is diffe rent in that she has suffered a catastrophe and is unable to pull herself out of it enough to let Changez in her life. Again, Erica remains somewhat of an unbelievable character until you suddenly realize that the author in all likelihood meant Erica as an allegorical representation for America (I) Am Erica and then it all falls into place. America, caught up in its own past and fight with its own nostalgia, is unable to accept Changez.This prompts a deepening examination of his identity, his allegiances, and his relationship with America. Parallels are implied between Muslim countries and the doomed employees of the companies Changez evaluates. The key here is not religion, but corporate capitalism and traumatic BARNOLIPI An Interdisciplinary Journal Volume II. Issue II. ISSN 2249 2666 www. reflectionedu. com/barnolipi. php REFLECTION Mentoring Services 54 economic change. Changezs boss Jim says, We came from places that were wasting away. He means, on the one hand, Pakista n, and on the other, old industrial America. Theres plenty of on-target comment about American reaction to September 11th.Like this I had always thought of America as a nation that looked forward for the first time I was struck by its determination to look back. Living in New York was suddenly like living in a film about the Second World War I, a foreigner, found myself staring out at a set that ought to be viewed not in Technicolour but in grainy black and white. What your fellow countrymen longed for was unclear to me a time of noncontroversial dominance? of safety? of moral certainty? I did not know but that they were scrambling to don the costumes of another era was apparent. I felt treacherous for query whether that era was fictitious, and whether if it could indeed be animated it contained a part written for someone like me (p. 68).The attack on the empire makes Changez aware of America as an empire, responsible for his identity crisis. The final straw for him is when he hears someone describing the Janissaries, the Christian slaves taken as boys from their parents by the Ottoman Empire and turned into an elite warrior class to defend the sultan. Is Changez a latter-day reversed Janissary? In an effective subplot, Changez has a girlfriend who is obsessed by the memory of her dead boyfriend. In her depression, She glowed with BARNOLIPI An Interdisciplinary Journal Volume II. Issue II. ISSN 2249 2666 www. reflectionedu. com/barnolipi. php REFLECTION Mentoring Services 55 something not unlike the fervour of the devout. (p. 6) Themes of nostalgia and commingled, confused identities seep into other parts of the novel, where they are relevant to Changez, Pakistan, and the United States. Several other parts of the novel discuss the causes of his hybrid identity as well as his contradictory actions and reactions to the Western culture. The following points of the novel denounce Changez multiple identities, proving him neither belonging to the East, n or to the West Changez irritation with the cultural insensitivity in the United States is one of the cases in which his identity is challenged. Changez holidays in Greece with a group of Princetonians, where he first becomes enamored with Erica.He describes behavior he observed which irritated him The ease with which they parted with moneythinking nothing of the occasional but not altogether infrequent meal costing perhaps fifty dollars a head. Or their self-righteousness in dealing with those whom they had paid for a service. But you told us, they would say to Greeks twice their age, before insisting things be done their way. I, with my finite and depleting reserve of cash and my traditional sense of deference to ones seniors, found myself wondering by what quirk of human history my companions many of whom I would have regarded as upstarts in my own country, so devoid of refinement were they were in a position to conduct themselves in the world as though they were its ruling c lass. (p. 27) The disturbance Changez experienced when he compared America and Pakistan Looking down on New York from his office, over a hundred meters above, BARNOLIPI An Interdisciplinary Journal Volume II. Issue II. ISSN 2249 2666 www. reflectionedu. com/barnolipi. php REFLECTION Mentoring Services 56 Changez realizes he is standing in a different world from Pakistan with his feet supported by the most technologically advanced civilization our species had ever known. (135) He reflects to the quiet American Often, during my stay in your country, such comparisons troubled me. In fact, they did more than trouble me they made me resentful.Four thousand years ago, we, the people of the Indus River basin, had cities that were laid out on grids and boasted underground sewers, while the ancestors of those who would invade and colonize America were nonreader barbarians. Now our cities were largely unplanned, unsanitary affairs, and America had universities with individual endowments greater than our national budget for education. To be reminded of this vast disparity was, for me, to be ashamed. (p. 136) Changez sense of humiliation at feeling the need to act like an American Changez recalls a business trip to Manila where he explains I attempted to act and speak, as much as my dignity would permit, more like an American.The Filipinos we worked with seemed to look up to my American colleagues, accepting them almost instinctively as members of the officer class of global business and I wanted my share of that respect as well. BARNOLIPI An Interdisciplinary Journal Volume II. Issue II. ISSN 2249 2666 www. reflectionedu. com/barnolipi. php REFLECTION Mentoring Services 57 So I lettered to tell executives my fathers age, I need it now I learned to cut to the front of lines with an extraterritorial smile and I learned to answer, when asked where I was from, that I was from New York. Did these things trouble me, you ask? Certainly, sir I was often ashamed. But outwardly I gave no sign of this. (p. 118)On this same trip he becomes particularly disoriented at receiving an openly hostile stare from the driver of a jeepney. Later when one of his American colleagues spoke to him, Changez remembers I looked at him at his fair hair and light eyes and, most of all, his obvious immersion in the minutiae of our work and thought, you are so foreign. I felt in that moment much closer to the Filipino driver than to him I felt I was play-acting when in reality I ought to be making my way home, like the people on the street outside. (p. 135) The destruction of the twin towers Changez sense of unease with America has already been well and truly simmering away, as the above points, all made former(a) in the novel, make clear.This is how Changez recalls what happened as he realized what he was watching was not fiction but news I stared as one and then the other of the twin towers of New Yorks BARNOLIPI An Interdisciplinary Journal Volume II. Issue II. ISSN 2249 2666 www. reflectionedu. com/barnolipi. php REFLECTION Mentoring Services 58 World Trade Center collapsed. And then I smiled. Yes, despicable as it may sound, my initial reaction was to be remarkably pleased. Changez sees the evident disgust in the face of his American listener and notices his large hand clenching into a fist. He then hastens to assure him that he is no sociopath, who is indifferent to the suffering of others. He admits his own sense of perplexity at his sense of pleasure at the slaughter of thousands of guilelesss. He reflectsBut at that moment, my thoughts were not with the victims of the attack death on television moves me most when it is fictitious and happens to characters with whom I have built up relationships over multiple episodes no, I was caught up in the symbolism of it all, the fact that someone had so visibly brought America to her knees. (p. 110) These words only serve to intensify the displeasure of his American listener Changez ch allenges. Moreover attention must be paid to the fact that he cannot be completely innocent of such feelings about himself. Thus, he feels no joy at the video clips of American munitions laying waste the structures of his enemies.Changezs experience of being treated as a possible terrorist As soon as the team was able to Manila Changez finds himself escorted by armed guards into a room where he is made to publicise down to his boxer shorts. He is the last person to board the plane and recalls BARNOLIPI An Interdisciplinary Journal Volume II. Issue II. ISSN 2249 2666 www. reflectionedu. com/barnolipi. php REFLECTION Mentoring Services 59 I flew to New York uncomfortable in my own face I was aware of being under suspicion I felt guilty I attempt therefore to be as nonchalant as possible this naturally led to my becoming stiff and self-conscious. (p. 99) Upon arriving back in New York he is again separated from his team at immigration and ends up being subjected to another inspe ction.His team didnt wait for him , so he was forced to travel to Manhattan that eve very much alone. Changezs anger at Americas shrewd reflections of Muslim nations For two weeks after America began to bomb Afghanistan Changez avoids the evening news. Then one evening he chances upon a newscast with ghostly night-vision images of American troops dropping into Afghanistan for what was described as a daring raid on a Taliban command post. Changez recalls My reaction caught me by surprise Afghanistan was Pakistans neighbour, our friend, and a fellow Muslim nation besides, and the sight of what I took to be the beginning of its invasion by your countrymen caused me to tremble with fury. 58) Changez also bristles at the stereotypical and imperialistic manner in which American television cast Pakistanis, without any respect shown for their proud history BARNOLIPI An Interdisciplinary Journal Volume II. Issue II. ISSN 2249 2666 www. reflectionedu. com/barnolipi. php REFLECTION Men toring Services 60 For we were not always burdened by debt, dependent on foreign aid and handouts in the stories we tell of ourselves we were not the crazed and destitute radicals you see on your television channels but rather saints and poets and yes conquering kings. We built the Royal Mosque and the Shalimar Gardens in this city, and we built the Lahore Fort with its mighty walls and wide ramp for our battle-elephants.And we did these things when your country was still a collection of thirteen small colonies, gnawing away at the edge of a classic. (p. 60) Changez ontogeny need to assert his own identity Returning to America, following his trip back to Lahore, Changez, despite knowing the difficulties it might pose at immigration, resolves to keep his beard It was, perhaps, a form of protest on my part, a symbol of my identity, or perhaps I sought to remind myself of the reality I had just left behind I do not now recall my precise motivations. I know only that I did not wish to blend in with the army of clean-shaven youngsters who were my co-workers, and that inside me, for multiple reasons, I was deeply angry. 134) Back in America he finds that his beard does make him an object of verbal hollo by complete strangers and an object of suspicion in the workplace, but refuses to shave it off. BARNOLIPI An Interdisciplinary Journal Volume II. Issue II. ISSN 2249 2666 www. reflectionedu. com/barnolipi. php REFLECTION Mentoring Services 61 Changez decision to distance himself from American imperialism on the plane back to New York he now realizes I had always resented the manner in which America conducted itself in the world your countrys constant interference in the affairs of others was insufferable. Vietnam, Korea, the straits of Taiwan, the Middle East, and now Afghanistan in each of the major conflicts and standoffs that ringed my mother continent of Asia, America played a central role.Moreover I knew from my experience as a Pakistani of alternatin g periods of American aid and sanctions that finance was a primary means by which the American empire exercised its power. It was right for me to refuse to participate any longer in facilitating this project of domination the only surprise was that I had required so much time to arrive at my decision. As a result of the discovery of the Americas true intentions and ill-natured cultural identity, he decides to distance himself from the imperialism. Moreover he feels responsible to inform people, even the ignorant ones in America, of the true driving forces behind their policies and the US led wars and campaigns against the triplet world countries. Changez sees Americas post 9/11 actions as an engagement only in posturing He confronts his American listenerBARNOLIPI An Interdisciplinary Journal Volume II. Issue II. ISSN 2249 2666 www. reflectionedu. com/barnolipi. php REFLECTION Mentoring Services 62 As a society, you were unwilling to reflect upon the shared pain that united yo u with those who attacked you. You retreated into myths of your own difference, assumptions of your own superiority. And you acted out these beliefs on the stage of the world, so that the entire planet was rocked by the repercussions of your tantrums, not least my family, now facing war thousands of miles away. Such an America had to be stopped in the interests not only of the rest of humanity, but also in your own.Changez becoming active in stirring up anti-America sentiment as another reflection of his identity. Now having secured a position as a university lecturer he makes it his mission on campus to advocate a separation from your country by mine. He discovers that it was not difficult to persuade his students to participate in demonstrations for greater independence in Pakistans domestic and international affairs. He observes that such demonstrations were labeled by the foreign press as anti-American. Changez claims no inside knowledge of an alleged attempt on the part of one of his students to slaughter a coordinator of an American effort to provide expatiatement assistance to Pakistans rural poor.Conclusion It has been suggested that globalization is a myth and that what is actually taking place is the scattering of American values, power and products across the globe. Globalization is not a myth and that far from a backlash against BARNOLIPI An Interdisciplinary Journal Volume II. Issue II. ISSN 2249 2666 www. reflectionedu. com/barnolipi. php REFLECTION Mentoring Services 63 American hegemony, many other peoples, state and businesses are modeling themselves on America. Most people, for whom Changeez stands as an example, who examine the effects of globalization, recognize that it is having both cultural and economic impacts everywhere its forces are manifested.While no one denies the significance of economic globalization impacts, it may well be that the cultural effects of this process ultimately exert a far greater impact on the world. Ski llfully, the novel has played out the fear, suspicion and hatred that now characterizes American-Muslim relations. It does this particularly by building up the tension between the quiet American and a hostile, intimidating waiter who comes from a tribe with spans both sides of the border with neighboring Pakistan. The novel will finish with this hostility being brought to an undisclosed conclusion, just as the end of the story of American-Muslim conflict remains to be written. As the book moves to this open ending, Changez commentsIt seems an obvious thing to say, but you should not imagine that we Pakistanis are all potential terrorists, just as we should not imagine that you Americans are all cloak-and-dagger assassins. The important thing about this book is not so much whether the reader agrees with this critique of America or not. What this novel does show is how anti-America feeling might develop and indicates various key factors that may shape such perspectives and identities . In particular, it is crucial to avoid stereotypes that simplistically presume that anti-Americanism on the part of a Muslim must be produced by Islamic indoctrination. This novel BARNOLIPI An Interdisciplinary Journal Volume II. Issue II. ISSN 2249 2666 www. reflectionedu. om/barnolipi. php REFLECTION Mentoring Services 64 demonstrates that it is possible for a Muslim to develop contempt for America on substantially non-religious grounds. Not long before 9/11, Changez considered New York the seat of the American empire, a civilization whose awe-inspiring achievements surpassed even the greatness of Mt. Everest. Now, Changez sees New York as separate from America, because America has taken on a new meaning. It is no longer a great, cutting-edge civilization. When Changez deplanes after his shoot from Valparaiso, he sees New York as an imperial city of old I was struck by how traditional your empire appeared.Armed sentries manned the check post at which I sought entry being of a suspect race I was quarantined and subjected to additional inspection once admitted I hired a charioteer who belonged to a serf class lacking the requisite permissions to abide legally and forced therefore to accept work at lower pay I myself was a form of indentured servant whose right to remain was dependent upon the continued benevolence of my employer. (157) Once Changez realizes that the American empire is like any other, he also understands that his supposed privilegeshis job, his apartment, his expense accountare really the chains that bind him in service to America.Quite opposite from the most technologically advanced civilization in history, it is no better for him than the British Empire was for those of low caste. Hamid uses the predator/prey dichotomy to cultivate a relationship of mutual suspicion between Changez and the American. It is unclear which of them is BARNOLIPI An Interdisciplinary Journal Volume II. Issue II. ISSN 2249 2666 www. reflectionedu. com/bar nolipi. php REFLECTION Mentoring Services 65 the predator and which of them is the prey, or whether the danger is only perceived and not actual. Bibliography Ania Loomba, Colonialism-Postcolonialism, www. wikipedia. org accessed whitethorn/10/2011. Baudrillard, Jean. LEsprit du Terrorisme. The South Atlantic Quarterly. 101. 2 (Spring 2002) 403-415.David Punter, Postcolonial Imaginings Fictions of a New World Order Edward Said, Orientalism Culture and Imperialism Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth, NATC, p. 1587. G Spivak, The Postcolonial Critic Hamid, Mohsin. The Reluctant Fundamentalist. New York, NY Harcourt, 2007. Homi K. Bhabha, The Location of Culture Nation and Narration John McLeod, Beginning Postcolonialism P. Williams and L. Chrisman (eds), Colonial Discourse and Post-Colonial Theory Timothy Brennan, Salman Rushdie and the Third World About the Author Daryoosh Hayati- subdivision of English, Lamerd Branch. Islamic Azad University, Iran. emailprotected ac. ir BARNOLIPI A n Interdisciplinary Journal Volume II. Issue II. ISSN 2249 2666 www. reflectionedu. com/barnolipi. php REFLECTION Mentoring Services