Sunday, December 29, 2019

Bipolar II Disorder And Mental Disorders Essay - 1482 Words

Bipolar II Disorder Approximately 0.5-1 percent of Americans will develop bipolar II disorder in their lifetime, worldwide the prevalence is 0.4 percent (Rosenberg Kosslyn, 2011). Bipolar disorder is one of the main causes of disability, because of its cognitive and functional impairment, the high rate of medical and psychiatric comorbidity, and the relevant suicide risk (Dell Osso, et al., 2016). Bipolar II disorder is one of the two most commonly diagnosed subtypes of Bipolar disorder, which are distinguished by the amount of burden the depression causes, the number, frequency, duration, and severity of the depressive episodes, and the occurrence of specific sub threshold episodes (Dell Osso, et al., 2016). Although bipolar II disorder diagnosis are on the rise we lack extensive research on the features and treatments of this disorder (Datto, Pottorf, Feeley, Laporte, Liss, 2016). Bipolar II disorder is now recognized in the latest Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) under a new chapter dedicated specifically to bipolar disorders. Which proves that bipolar disorders are their own set of disorders in terms of symptomatology, family history, and genetics (Mà ¶ller, et al., 2014). This allows an enhancement in the accuracy of diagnosis, which in turn leads to earlier treatment. In the DSM-5 it states that bipolar II disorder can lead to effects such as disability, comorbidity, mortality, and an impact on the quality of life (Datto, Pottorf,Show MoreRelatedSymptoms And Treatment Of Bipolar II1377 Words   |  6 PagesIn this paper I will provide an overview of bipolar II disorder, a personal case history, and treatment plans using solution-focused therapy, cognitive behavior therapy, and acceptance and commitment therapy to treat a client with bipolar II diagnosis. Bipolar II Disorder Bipolar II disorder is primarily characterized by states of hypomania and depression, which often impair a person’s ability to function in a social, work, or familial setting. Depression is more often an impairment than hypomaniaRead MoreAlcoholism : A Common Co Occurring Disorder1628 Words   |  7 Pageskind of alcohol use disorder and involves three or more of the following: tolerance, withdrawal, drinking more over a longer period of time, inability to cut down or stop, spending a great deal of time drinking, and giving up important social, recreational or occupational activities (Cunha, 2014). Co-occurring Disorder Bipolar disorder and alcoholism is a common co-occurring disorder. The combination of both of these diseases is dangerous. Many people with bipolar disorder use alcohol to treatRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Bipolar Disorder1274 Words   |  6 Pagesconclusion, Ben Tang was diagnosed with bipolar II disorder indicated by DSM-5 at age 47. He experienced symptoms such as feeling depressed, suicidal thoughts, and worthlessness in depressive episodes. He experienced symptoms such as racing mind, trouble falling asleep, and committing reckless behaviors in hypomanic episodes. It can be challenging to live with bipolar disorder because the symptoms can be hard to deal with. There are several ways to manage bipolar disorder, include medications, support groupRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Bipolar Disorder1700 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Bipolar disorders, also known as manic depression, are mental disorders characterized by shifting moods between depression and mania (Bressert, 2016). Those with a bipolar disorder, have extreme emotional states called mood periods. In the United States, more than 10 million people have bipolar disorder (Kennedy, 2015). It is lifelong, but can be treated. Although it can easily be treated, once patients choose to stop taking their medication their symptoms worsen. Around 15 percentRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Bipolar Disorder1285 Words   |  6 PagesBipolar Disorder This paper will contain information on what bipolar disorder in early and late adolescence is, causes and symptoms, medical along with therapeutic interventions and how important it really is to get treatment. Bipolar disorder is a disease that affects approximately 2.6% Americans in the United States in a given year. There is limited data on the rate of bipolar in adolescents, although, it does tend to affect older teens more often and may be related to substance abuse. A lotRead MoreBipolar And Related Disorders ( Bipolar )1289 Words   |  6 Pages Bipolar and related disorders Justin Rodriguez Professor Hanselman Social Psychological Counseling Cumberland County College April 21, 2015 April 21, 2015 Abstract Bipolar Disorder (BD), also known as manic depression, is a mood disorder that is thought to affect some 5.5 million Americans, or 2.6 percent of the population (Treatment Advocacy Center). This paper explores Bipolar I, Bipolar II, Cyclothymic disorder, their features, and treatments. Also discussed is the progression of BipolarRead MoreManic Depression And The Gemini Disorder Essay1490 Words   |  6 PagesManic depression, or â€Å"The Gemini disorder† is most commonly known as Bipolar Disorder. This illness is a brain disorder, which causes abrupt and unusual mood shifts. These irritable mood shifts can be related to the individual’s energy, activity levels, or their ability to carry out daily tasks. This disorder goes beyond the ordinary mood swings we all are aware of. Manic depression has three forms that are characterized as periods of acute elevation of elatedness, or irritability. More often thanRead MoreBipolar Disorder : Symptoms And Treatment917 Words    |  4 PagesAndrea Nasev Freeman-3 Health 26 October 2014 Bipolar Disorder According to the National Health Institute of Mental Health about 2.6% of the adults in the United States are affected by bipolar disorder every year. People who have bipolar disorder experience alternating periods of mania (overly happy) and very deep depression. Untreated bipolar disorder can cause other mental disorders and some physical illnesses too. Although bipolar is a lifelong genetic condition, there are ways to relieve theRead MoreBipolar Disorder And Mental Health Essay851 Words   |  4 Pagesexperience a mood disorder known as Bipolar Disorder. According to the National Institute of Mental Health about one percent of the American population have been diagnosed with bipolar disorder. Living with a person that has been diagnosed with bipolar disorder is very difficult, especially not knowing anything about bipolar. There are many questions to be asked. Such as what is the disorder? Is bipolar disorder heredity? How is the disorder treated? First of all, Bipolar Disorder, also known as manic-depressiveRead MoreThe Prevalence Of Bipolar Disorder And The Social Implications Associated With It1348 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican society has been faced with a growing concern of people that suffer from mental health issues. There are so many diagnoses that fit under the umbrella of mental illnesses. Statistics show that there was a rise in individuals that qualified for Supplemental Security Income (SSI). Initially 1 and 184 Americans qualified for SSI, and now 1 in 76 are eligible. The figures showed that between 1987 and 2007 that there was a significant amount of people that were eligible for benefits. The

Saturday, December 21, 2019

Importance Of Physical Activity Is Important For A Healthy...

Physical activity is extremely important to maintain a healthy lifestyle. Peter Figueroa developed a framework to analyse racism within a society. In particular, when he looked at at how equity and access to society’s resources are affected by a person’s race. This is certainly relevant as people’s access and equity towards sports can be analysed through Figueroa’s Framework. There are five levels that make up Figueroa’s Framework. These five levels are cultural, structural, institutional, interpersonal and individual. Each individual level outline the different functions that create and remove inequities within physical activities. Figueroa’s Framework is important because it summaries my contribution in golf. My contribution towards golf is that I do not like to play as I have played for about 9 years beforehand. So I would rather participate in another sport. The first level of Figueroa’s Framework is individual level. Individual level describes the values, attitude, personality and genes of someone towards a certain sport. Some people play golf for fun, to stay fit and others compete. My attitude towards golf is that I do not enjoy participating. I have no value towards golf and as for my personality, I would prefer to play other sports, including netball. Golf is a long, yet slow sport and personally think there are better things to do. I do not have the patients and I do not have the abilities to properly play by the rules and hit the golf ball. Golf is a sport thatShow MoreRelatedNutrition and Physical Activity Essay673 Words   |  3 Pagesindividuals lived healthy lives, which was evident in the manner in which they ate and the daily labor brought about by a different era of time and living. Within society today, nutrition and physical activity are not of the same importance as historically it was to so many individuals. The research question of appeal is does physical activity and nutrition play a key component in maintaining a healthy lifestyle? The independent variable, is the amount of healthy nutrients and physical activityRead MoreChildhood Obesity And Its Effects1384 Words   |  6 PagesAn analysis of the childhood obesity epidemic reveals the importance of preventative measures on obesity through environmental and lifestyle behaviors. A child’s lifestyle plays a strong role in his or her body mass index (BMI). When looking at a child’s BMI, the underlying issue can be traced back to diet and physical activity levels. When a child is not receiving adequate nutrition through a healthy diet and has limited physical activity obesity can pose a threat. The cause for an energy imbalanceRead MoreObesity and Physical Activity in Schools1476 Words   |  6 Pagesacts of physical activity from a young age is very important for both the mental and physical health of a child; the habits learnt in youth tend to continue onto adulthood thus having an effect on the prevalence of obesity and related illnesses in society. â€Å"Obesity is increasing steeply in Australia† ( Magarey, A. M., Daniels, L. A. and Boulton, T. J. 2001) â€Å"and almost 25% of children are affected† (Booth, Wake, Armstrong, Chey, Hesketh, and Mathur.2001). So why is physical activity so important forRead MoreThe Importance of P hysical Activity Essay1545 Words   |  7 PagesThe teaching profession plays a fundamental role in educating children. Some of which include physical activity Teachers engage in many roles in student’s learning, some of which are more challenging and important than others and all which contribute to a child’s development. The process of childhood development is dynamic, recognised by various fields including the influential society, inherited characteristics through genetics, and the psychological behaviour of the child. These fields all playRead MorePolicy Priority Issue : The Childhood Obesity Essay1614 Words   |  7 Pagesobesity in children, however a global shift in dietary habits and lack of physical activity play a crucial role. Overweight and obesity are preventable. Unlike adults, children cannot select the environment they live or the food they eat, they are unware about the long term health consequences of their behavior. Therefore, it is important to have strict policies for the prevention of obesity epidemic. School play an important role in fighting against the epidemic of childhood obesity (World HealthRead MoreNutritional Survival For Diabetics : The Center For Disease And Prevention1308 Words   |  6 Pageshealth issues associated with diabetes. The purpose of this journal is to conduct research of the leading healthy indicator nutrition, physical activity and obesity targeting the importance of nutritional aspects for the prevention and maintenance of diabetes. The importance of health proportion; relating to Healthy People 2020 goals, and education of nutritional diabetic plans are important aspects relating to diabetes. Introduction about Diabetes Many individuals only know basic information aboutRead More importance of physical activity in youths Essay1100 Words   |  5 Pages The Importance of Physical Activity in Adolescence nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Engaging in physical behavior during adolescence is very important to the overall health of a child. Regular physical activity is essential to both the mental and physical health aspects. Positive exercise habits formed in childhood tend to carry over into adulthood, thus helping reduce death and illness in the future. There are many other positive benefits that come through the form of exercise. Just as well, thereRead MorePhysical Activities And Healthy Lifestyle970 Words   |  4 Pages it takes physical activity and nutritious eating to maintain a healthy lifestyle. A healthy lifestyle can begin as a young child and continue to develop throughout adult life. Being involved in a sport is a way to keep up physical activity; so why not be in a sport that can ensure positive health outcomes? There are many sports to become involved in, but one of the most rewarding is gymnastics. It is an easy way for children to become fit and learn by adapting new mental a nd physical skills. AlthoughRead MoreWhy do you think it is important to set fitness goals for yourself and strive towards a high level1300 Words   |  6 PagesWhy do you think it is important to set fitness goals for yourself and strive towards a high level of personal fitness? --Fitness is beneficial for everyone in the long run. Doing fitness will decrease the chance of getting diseases, and it also helps us to build up our body, which is important to adolescents. Through fitness, we can sustain our body in a well-balanced condition by being both physically fit and healthy. 2. In what ways were you successful or unsuccessful in your program to increaseRead MorePublic Health and Healthy Communities1238 Words   |  5 Pagesfor a healthy community. What is a healthy community? According to the publication Healthy People in Healthy Communities, a healthy community is â€Å"one that embraces the belief that health is more than merely an absence of disease† (Healthy People 1). A healthy community also â€Å"includes those elements that enable people to maintain a high quality of life and productivity† (1). Access to health care services is vital for citizens to maintain their health. In addition, people living in a healthy and safe

Friday, December 13, 2019

English Narrative Essay Free Essays

All is quiet on the African Sahara. The sun, winds, and animals have all said goodnight; but the crickets lay awake, chanting me on. I slowly control each nerve in my body to inch it forward to the thirsty gazelle. We will write a custom essay sample on English Narrative Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now As soon as she points her nose down, the refreshing sensation of water after hours in the heat blessing her throat and Whoosh! I fling my body towards her. My jaw opens to greet her flesh. It is the first meal of the night; and many more await me. Being a cheetah is the animal I would most want to be. Cheetahs have stunning adaptations the world we live in, an interesting and challenging environment to live in, and consume many different animals as food. Firstly, the cheetah has been a successful predator for centuries. Being the fastest land animal in the world has some advantages. The cheetah’s unique build let’s it reach speeds of up one hundred kilometers per hour in three seconds. It’s unmistakable long streamline body and small head allows for less air resistance. Powerful legs push the cheetah to breathe taking speeds in the blink of an eye. The cheetah achieves extra traction from its non-retracting claws. Its long tail is a key part of its structure because it helps it to maintain balance and change direction at extremely high speeds. The black tears that stream down the cheetahs face absorb blinding light from the bright African days. These incredible feat of evolution, allow the cheetah to adapt to its surrounding and survive as a superior mammal. Secondly, the habitat in which cheetahs live is very desirable. Most cheetahs today are found in eastern and southern Africa. They can also be found in certain places in the Middle East, Iran, Turkmenistan, and Afghanistan. Cheetahs prefer to live in open habitats like semi desert, prairies and thick brush. Depending on where the cheetahs are, their habitats can range from savannahs to dense vegetation to mountainous terrain. Due to the cheetahs short sprint time they need thick brush to be able to stalk their prey. This reduces their overall running time. Unfortunately cheetahs are being deprived of the open lands that they need to survive. They are being taken over by farms or have been fenced off making them inaccessible or too dangerous for cheetahs to hunt and peacefully live on. Finally, the cheetah’s position on the food chain allows it to have very few predators, and feed on a healthy variety of prey. Because of their high speed of running, they are able to chase their prey down very easily. They are provided coverage by the African grasslands and savanna while stalking their prey. They then sprints toward the prey and knock it down to the ground, using their teeth to directly bite the animals’ necks. However, they are almost the most vulnerable species as cubs. They need to avoid predators like lions, eagles, and hyenas. But preys always have some solutions to all dangers in the nature. Cheetah mothers usually hide their cubs during the first few weeks of their lives. To conclude, the cheetah is a superior mammal. With its stealth innate behavior and incredible designs on its fur the cheetah is an enhanced predator. Its natural habitat can vary, so the cheetah is a highly adapted animal. A spotted, slender, sleep, graceful, and swift predator; an animal that hunts for its food on the run. The cheetah is truly the prince of the jungle. How to cite English Narrative Essay, Essays

Thursday, December 5, 2019

Loyalty Behaviour among Malaysian Customers †Free Sample

Question: Discuss about the Determinants Influencing Pharmacy Loyalty Behaviour among Malaysian Customers. Answer: Introduction: This section of the research aims to concentrate on discussing the various dimensions or concepts of the research. As discussed in the first chapter, the research dimensions here include satisfaction, trust, perceived service quality and perceived value. After identification of the above-mentioned variables, this section intends to describe the overview and definitions of these variables. After that, the previous researches related to each variable have been evaluated to identify the factors affecting pharmacy loyalty behaviour among the customers of Malaysia. In addition, the chapter aims to evaluate the guiding framework based on the independent and dependent variables of the research. Finally, this chapter aims to discuss the relationship between the independent and dependent variables by formulating relevant hypotheses. Research dimensions/concepts: The dimensions of the research include satisfaction, trust, perceived service quality and perceived value. These dimensions have been discussed in terms of the following factors: Overview: Trust: In the words of Athavale et al., (2015), trust could be considered as belief and confidence that the customers have with the organisations by taking into account the aspects to be delivered. In other words, trust is an association that links the customers with an organisation. In addition, it is associated between the staffs of an organisation. The greater level of trust relies upon each other in corporate organisations along with the level of commitment. Hence, the pharmaceutical businesses in Malaysia need to develop trustworthy relationships with their customers for ensuring success in the operating market. Therefore, the successful business is formed on a simple and significant business concept, which is trust. With the help of trust, it is possible to form a lifetime customer base. However, developing this trust needs plenty of time and hard work (Ariff et al., 2013). Hence, customer trust could be obtained with the help of the following points: Transparency of the products or services: The pharmacy industry of Malaysia need to identify the wants of the customers and the way they look for it while selling products both in online and offline platforms. In this context, Blut et al., (2014) stated that it is the responsibility of the organisations to abstain from misrepresenting the advantages of the products or services offered. Thus, the Malaysian pharmacy industry is required to provide accurate information to the customers to determine whether it meets their specific challenge. In addition, the organisations in this industry could encourage and offer reviews to portray on the products and landing pages or including a section of testimonials to their websites. Such sort of impartial information is highly important for the purchasers. It has been observed that above half of the online customers look for reviews to undertake smart decisions. Finally, the organisations need to provide proper response to both positive and negative reviews. Thus, accurate and near accura te reviews could set off red flags for most customers. Overview of the target audience and way of communicating with them: It is of utmost importance for an organisation to gain an understanding of the customer base, since it is the key to ensure business success (Cantallops Salvi, 2014). Thus, the pharmacy companies of Malaysia are needed to devote time by listening to their needs and wants. These organisations could use the applications of free analytics tools online for better understanding of the audience behaviour. These tools could take the form of Micro Poll, Survey Monkey and Google Analytics (Cetin Dincer, 2014). In addition, the pharmacy firms of Malaysia could develop open communication routes with the help of social media like Twitter, Facebook and Instagram. This would help the firms to understand about their lifestyles, the products used and the missing features from their daily lives. The customers would share their opinions, in case; the organisations seek the same from them. Offering effective services to the customers: In the words of Chou, Lu Chang (2014), when a brand earns the trust of the customers, 83% of the customers would recommend the same to their acquaintances, while 82% of the customers would carry on by using the products of the brand. Thus, obtaining customer trust initiates with delivery of effective quality services. Such services would comprise of responsiveness, timeliness and capability to surpass the desires of the customers. Hence, the pharmacy industry of Malaysia could depict authentic concern and keenness in helping its customers go a long path. The greater time the organisations devote on planning for providing effective customer services, the lower time is needed to deliver the same. This would ultimately result in attaining brand loyalty. Making and keeping promises: As commented by Chen (2015), the customers desire for consistency that includes offering products to satisfy the customers coupled with excellent services. These would take into account the following: Clearly depicted and developed policies in terms of service, return and shipping Post-purchase follow-ups through e-mail Follow-up on the service issues that are already resolved Quick responses to the comments on websites, blogs, social media, calls and e-mails Thus, with the help of consistency, business growth could be assured and it would help in enhancing the profit margin of the organisations. The organisations are required to maintain transparency and reliability by keeping the promises that are intended to meet the customer expectations. Finally, marinating effective business associations implies that the Malaysian pharmacy firms could deliver according to the promises made each time. This needs considerable effort; however, such hard work would be beneficial to the organisations at the time the customers begin trusting their products and services. This is because delivering effective services beyond customer expectations would result in increased repeat purchases (Fall Diallo et al., 2013). Satisfaction: Customer satisfaction is a marketing concept, as it gauges the way the products or services of an organisation surpass the expectations of the customers. In the current era, customer satisfaction is considered as a significant aspect for any business, as it provides the marketers and owners with a metric for managing and improving the same. Customer satisfaction is important for the pharmacy industry of Malaysia due to the below-stated reasons: Indicator of loyalty and repurchase intentions: With the help of customer satisfaction level, the pharmacy companies of Malaysia would obtain an overview of the customer behaviour regarding their future purchase decisions. In order to ascertain this level, the organisations could seek feedbacks from the customers with the help of rating scale to determine the possibility of repeat purchases or advocates. For instance, if a customer provides a rating of 7, the organisation could expect the same to visit again for repeat purchases. In a similar fashion, a customer rating the organisation as 9 or 10, are the potential advocates that could leverage for becoming evangelists for the organisation. On the other hand, a score of 6 or below 6 could be considered as a warning sign regarding the satisfaction of the customers and hence, they might leave the organisation. Therefore, the pharmacy firms of Malaysia need to keep track of these customers through adequate follow-up to determine their low level of satisfaction. Point of differentiation: In the existing competitive environment, the organisations compete to increase their overall customer base and thus, customer satisfaction is considered as a major differentiator. Hence, in such cutthroat environment, the successful businesses are the ones that consider customer satisfaction as a major constituent of their business strategies. It is crucial for the pharmacy industry of Malaysia to deliver excellent customer experiences by creating environments to increase the level of satisfaction and customer advocates. Minimisation of customer churn: In the words of Kim et al., (2014), price is not the primary reason for customer turnover; instead, the poor quality of customer service is the major cause. Thus, with the help of customer satisfaction metric, the pharmacy firms of Malaysia could be able to minimise the turnover of the customers. This is because with the help of gauging and detecting customer satisfaction, these organisations could place new processes for increasing the overall customer service quality. The monitoring of these new processes need to be conducted to determine the effect of new initiatives on the level of customer satisfaction. Rise in lifetime value of the customers: According to the research of Lee (2013), a fully satisfied customer contributes revenue, which is 2.6 times greater in contrast to a partially satisfied customer. Moreover, the research has also identified that am entirely satisfied customer contributes revenue, which is 14 times greater in contrast to a partially dissatisfied customer. Hence, customer satisfaction is the key to generate revenues for the pharmacy industry of Malaysia. In order to be successful, the pharmacy organisations of Malaysia need to gain an insight regarding the importance of lifetime value of the customers. This is because with the rise in lifetime value, the returns on marketing could be increased as well. Minimisation of negative word of mouth: According to the research work of Liu Zhang (2014), a unsatisfied customer shares experience among 9-15 people. In addition, 13% of the unsatisfied customers share their experience to over 20 people. This implies negative word of mouth. It has been observed that customer satisfaction is tightly associated with revenue and repeat purchases. Most of the organisations often tend to forget the effects of negative customer satisfaction on their businesses. Thus, in order to eradicate negative word of mouth, the pharmacy companies of Malaysia are required to gauge customer satisfaction on ongoing basis. Observing the variations in satisfaction would help them in identifying whether the customers are happy with their products or services. Perceived service quality: Perceived service quality could be described as the perception of the customers regarding the overall quality of a product or service related to the purpose and alternatives. The perceived service quality could help the pharmacy industry of Malaysia in the following ways: Satisfied shareholders: By increasing the service quality, the business organisations could obtain satisfactory responses from the customers, which would result in increased sales. With such rise in sales, there is an increase in satisfaction level of the shareholders and they would tend to make increased investments (Pratminingsih, Lipuringtyas Rimenta, 2013). As a result, the organisations would experience an increased return on investments. Increased business growth: The quality of service would help in boosting the business growth of the pharmacy industry of Malaysia. Thus, with the help of quality services, these organisations could diversify their customer base. However, customer service needs to be increased further, as this is the key in retaining the existing clients and stand out of the crowd. Effective business strategies: With the help of perceived service quality, the pharmacy companies of Malaysia could encourage the customers for encouraging the customers to obtain feedback and comments are a major part of the quality customer service. Thus, by following the feedback of the customers for evaluating the strengths and weaknesses is to gain an overview of the customer expectations with effective business strategies (Lee, 2015). Perceived value: Perceived customer value is a concept associated with branding, which represents that the product success is heavily based on the beliefs of the customers regarding their satisfaction of needs. In other words, when a firm creates its brand and promotes its products, the customers ascertain the way of interpreting and reacting to marketing messages. Thus, the pharmacy industry of Malaysia is needed to devote additional time in market research to gain an overview of the thoughts and feelings of the customers. Perceived value could be better understood with the help of the following points: Value proposition: As commented by Segoro (2013), value proposition is the contrast of benefits offered on the part of a firm to its customers in relation to the product prices. Therefore, the pharmacy firms of Malaysia could impact the value proposition in two ways. Firstly, they could utilise long-term brand development advertising for emphasising the key attributes of the products and brand. Secondly, they could lower down the cost structure for increasing value. Research: The marketers develop advertising messages and deliver the same o different customers with the help of media tools. With the help of market research, the pharmacy companies of Malaysia could gain an insight of the responses of the customers relative to media. Thus, focus groups, test markets and surveys are the options that the pharmacy industry of Malaysia could use to ascertain the needs and wants of the customers. Messages: In order to affect the value perceptions, the organisations attempt to deliver messages indicated in the research to develop the desired sense of value with the customers (Picn, Castro Roldn, 2014). Therefore, low costs could be given priority, since it only needs regular communication associated with the benefits of low cost and commitment delivery. Definition: Trust: According to Liao, Wang Yeh (2014), customer trust is a firm belief or confidence in honesty, reliability, integrity and confident expectations of the customers. Most of the organisations are of the belief that they could be trusted; however, the needs and preferences of the customers tend to change from time to time. As commented by Rabbanee, Burford Ramaseshan (2015), these organisations expect their products to meet the expectations and in case, they feel that they are unable to meet the same, the customers are treated equitably. It has been observed that trust is considered as a belief of a party that the other party would conduct transactions in accordance with the expectation of the first party under uncertain conditions (Gursoy, S. Chen G. Chi, 2014). Thus, customer trust in the pharmacy industry is the willingness of the customers to trust the products and websites of the organisations. Customer loyalty could be regarded as the commitment to utilise products or services in future. In the context of the pharmacy industry of Malaysia, loyalty could be considered as the intention of the customers for purchasing from online and offline sources. In addition, another intention of the organisations is to provide effective services to the customers so that the customers do not switch over to the other brands offering identical products and services. Hence, in order to build customer loyalty, it is crucial for the Malaysian pharmacy industry to earn the trust and confidence of the customers. Satisfaction: According to Kandampully, Zhang Bilgihan (2015), customer satisfaction gauges the customer expectations involving a product or service in meeting the same. It is an abstract concept, which takes into account different factors like product quality, service quality, location environment from which the product or service is purchased and the pricing structure of the same. The business organisations often conduct surveys in order to measure the level of customer satisfaction. The major areas, which are taken into account in such surveys, include the following: Product quality Product value in relation to price Time issues like availability of products, sales assistance and time of delivery Store ambience like cleanliness and shopping environment Issues of service personnel like politeness, helpfulness and attentiveness Convenience comprising of parking, location and operating hours It has been observed that the global firms incur millions of dollars each year to develop new products, create effective brands and promote new products. However, these activities are of no significance, if the customers are not purchasing the marketed products or services. Thus, obtaining the customers in the door to purchase is a crucial challenge and concentration of each marketing department across Malaysia. However, the activities related to satisfaction and loyalty change into gear once the customers purchase the products once. This is because finding a customer to try the products of an organisation is a big challenge. However, making the customer to conduct repeat purchases is a more complicated task (Liat, Mansori Huei, 2014). This is the main linkage between customer satisfaction and brand loyalty. The main aim of customer satisfaction is to assure that the needs of the customers are achieved with effective management of their problems through improved experience after using the products and services of the organisation. Customer loyalty is making a customer to engage in repeat purchases and thus, these two activities go hand-in-hand. Thus, assuring customers are pleased and satisfied with experience is the foundation for the pharmacy industry of Malaysia to come back and spend more money in purchasing the business products and services. Perceived service quality: Perceived quality is a perception of the customers, which differs from various related concepts. The objective or actual reality is the degree to which the product or service provides greater service. The product-based quality denotes the quantity and nature of ingredients, services and features included. The manufacturing quality refers to conformance to specifications. It could be ascertained objectively, as it is a perception and judgement regarding the importance of involved customers (Shi, Prentice He, 2014). Thus, perceived service quality is described as the output of comparison between the expectations of the customers regarding the services and their perceptions regarding the way of performing the service. The delivery of superior or excellent service in relation to the customer expectations as well as the interpretation of the customers regarding their experience could be viewed as a multidimensional construct. Thus, service quality acts as a vital ingredient for forming and maintaining profitable and loyal customer base. Thus, it cats as the driving force for profitability and productivity of the organisations. Accomplishing the right quality could be made through customer education, individual perceptions and preferences. Thus, the data of service quality is extremely useful to achieve improvement of service. Perceived value: As remarked by Mouakket (2015), perceived value is the worth of a service or product, which is in the minds of the customers. It has been observed that the customers often lack in knowledge about the actual cost of production for the products or services they purchase. Instead, the customers possess an internal feeling about the worth of certain products. In order to obtain higher product prices, the producers might undertake marketing strategies for delivering greater perceived values for their products (Oliver, 2014). It has been observed that the perceived quality of the customers and brand loyalty have been the most significant success factors in relation to business competition for different types of organisations. Thus, investigating the perceived value issue is significant. This is because perceived value is more directly associated with the consumer willingness to purchase the products in contrast to perceived service quality. Thus, the pharmacy firms of Malaysia are required to deliver constant value to their customers in order to retain the. Past research: Trust: Nguyen, N., Leclerc, A., LeBlanc, G. (2013). The mediating role of customer trust on customer loyalty.Journal of service science and management,6(1), 96. This research aims to reveal different associations among consumer trust, identity and loyalty. Such outcomes result in questioning the conceptual structure nature, which would comprise these constructs and interrelationships in a structural model. Based on this perspective, the aim of this study is to dissect the role of customer trust on customer loyalty in the context of financial institutions. The researchers have accumulated data from the members of the credit unions. Based on the results obtained, it has been evaluated that customer trust acts a mediating variable, which increases the influence of corporate image, identity and form goodwill on customer loyalty. The research implications have been explained from the perspectives of both managers and research. Lee, D., Moon, J., Kim, Y. J., Mun, Y. Y. (2015). Antecedents and consequences of mobile phone usability: Linking simplicity and interactivity to satisfaction, trust, and brand loyalty.Information Management,52(3), 295-304. This research intends to associate the interactivity and simplicity with customer trust, satisfaction, customer trust and brand loyalty in mobile phone usability. The researchers have provided a holistic view of the causal associations between the features of user interface and significant firm variables for developing and maintaining long-term associations. The research has been carried out with the help of research questionnaire data obtained from 310 mobile phone users residing in South Korea. The outcomes obtained suggest that interactivity and simplicity are two important determinants and simplicity of interface is a necessary precondition for positive interactivity and usability experience. In addition, it has been found that usability is a determinant of brand loyalty, which has influence indirectly through the mediators of trust and satisfaction. Satisfaction: Awan, A.G., Rehman, A. (2014). Impact of customer satisfaction on brand loyalty: an empirical analysis of home appliances in Pakistan. British Journal of Marketing Studies, 2(8), 18-32. According to the researchers, customer satisfaction and brand loyalty are considered as the major goals of marketing for many organisations. This is because loyalty is considered as a multidimensional phenomenon on the part of marketing professionals. The current research is intended to examine the influence of customer satisfaction on brand loyalty for the durable goods. The researchers have used primary data in this study, which has been carried out in the form of a survey by designing a structured questionnaire. For carrying out the survey, the researchers have obtained responses from 300 middle class customers. The findings reveal that customer satisfaction is an important influential dynamic that influence brand loyalty. Tu, Y.T., Wang, C.M. Chang, H.C. (2012). Corporate brand image and customer satisfaction on loyalty: An empirical study of Starbucks coffee in Taiwan.Journal of Social and Development Sciences,3(1), 24-32. According to the researchers, corporate image is evaluated as a significant antecedent of customer satisfaction and brand loyalty. The brand image is crucial because positive brand image enables the organisations to accomplish better performance in terms of sales. By developing a loyal customer base, the organisations could accomplish greater market share and minimise the overall cost of operations. This is because an improvement of 5% in terms of customer retention would lead to a rise of 25% to 75% in terms of profit. The current research aims to evaluate the impact of corporate brand image and customer satisfaction on brand loyalty of Starbucks Coffee in Taiwan. The researchers have conducted survey and responses have been obtained from 199 customers of the organisation. Descriptive statistics, validity, reliability and SEM model have been employed to arrive at the outcome of the study. The results obtained suggest that customer satisfaction has strong influence on brand loyalty o f Starbucks in Taiwan. Perceived service quality: Khan, M. M., Fasih, M. (2014). Impact of service quality on customer satisfaction and customer loyalty: Evidence from banking sector.Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences,8(2), 331-354. The objective of this research is to ascertain the satisfaction level of the banking consumers about the quality of various services and loyalty with the banks. The perceived service quality has been evaluated with the help of various dimensions. Thus, the researchers have attempted to determine whether the dimensions of service quality might increase the customer satisfaction and customer loyalty. The respondents are selected from a variety of demographic characteristics with the help of stratified random sampling. The researchers have obtained responses form 270 customers of both public and private banks and the response have been interpreted with the help of descriptive statistics, correlation and regression. The findings signify that service quality and its related dimensions have positive association with consumer loyalty and satisfaction. Blut, M., Beatty, S. E., Evanschitzky, H., Brock, C. (2014). The impact of service characteristics on the switching costscustomer loyalty link.Journal of Retailing,90(2), 275-290. This research examines the association between switching costs and service characteristics. In order to have a better understanding of the effectiveness of switching costs, the research suggests a two-dimensional typology related to switching costs, which comprise of both internal and external switching costs. In addition, the impact of switching costs on consumer loyalty is contingent on the features of four services. The researchers have conducted a review related to meta-analytics of literature on the costs of switching and they have developed a linear model that is hierarchical with a sample of 1,694 customers. From the results obtained, it has been found that service quality has direct impact on the brand loyalty. Perceived value: Eid, R. (2015). Integrating Muslim customer perceived value, satisfaction, loyalty and retention in the tourism industry: An empirical study.International Journal of Tourism Research,17(3), 249-260. According to the researcher, the customer value has become the favourable theme for various tourism reports in current years. The current research aims to examine the effects of the perceived value of Muslim customers on satisfaction, loyalty and retention. The researcher has obtained responses from 221 Muslim tourists for framing 13 hypotheses. In addition, exploratory research design has been used to arrive at the actual outcome of the research. The findings imply that the traditional value dimension would help in satisfying the Muslim customers at the time of purchasing a tourism package. Yeh, C. H., Wang, Y. S., Yieh, K. (2016). Predicting smartphone brand loyalty: Consumer value and consumer-brand identification perspectives.International Journal of Information Management,36(3), 245-257. With the development and competition of smart phone industry, this research aims to get a better insight of the factors driving customer loyalty. The current research emphasises on the factors influencing smart phone brand loyalty from the viewpoints of perceived value and brand identification. The researchers have accumulated data from 157 respondents and they have applied the partial least squares approach. The findings obtained suggest that social value, emotional value and brand identification have strong and positive influence on the brand loyalty. Guiding framework and theory used: Figure 1: Guiding framework of the research (Source: As created by author) The following theories have been used to fit the purpose of this research: Theory of planned behaviour: In the words of Tukej, Golob Podnar (2013), theory of planned behaviour is a theory, which associates behaviour and beliefs. According to the theory, the subjective norms behavioural attitude and control of perceived behaviour frame the behavioural intentions and behaviours of an individual. This theory takes into account the following key variables: Normative belief is the perception of an individual related to social normative pressures or pertinent other beliefs to perform or refrain from performing such behaviour Subjective norm is the perception of an individual regarding the specific behaviour, which is affected by review of other individuals. Control belief is the belief of an individual about the presence of factors, which might progress or restrict the behavioural performance. Perceived behavioural control is the ease or complexity to conduct specific behaviour. Behavioural intention is the depiction of the readiness of an individual in performing a provided behaviour (Yoo Bai, 2013). Behaviour is the observable response of an individual in a provided situation relative o a provided target. The theory of planned behaviour takes into account the non-volitional behaviour of the individuals, which the theory of reasoned action fails to explain. The behavioural intention of an individual could not be the sole factor of behaviour, in which the control over behaviour of an individual is not complete. Thus, by incorporating perceived control of behaviour, this theory helps in describing the association between actual behaviour and behavioural intention. With the help of this theory, the predictability of intention in various fields could be improved like exercise, diet and leisure. Figure 2: Theory of planned behaviour (Source: Awan Rehman, 2014) Theory of reasoned action: According to Zhang et al., (2013), the theory of reasoned action aims to depict the association between attitudes and behaviours related to human actions. In addition, it is used to estimate the behaviours of the individuals related to their behavioural intentions and pre-existing attitudes. This theory is based on two factors, which include subjective norms and attitudes to ascertain intention. The former is the social pressure that an individual experiences to perform or abstain from performing a specific behaviour. The latter, on the other hand, is the opinion of an individual to determine the positivity and negativity of behaviour. With the help of this theory, the behaviour of the customers could be evaluated in terms of coupon usage and brand loyalty. Figure 3: Theory of reasoned action (Source: Zhang et al., 2014) Hypotheses development: Based on the variables chosen and the theories discussed, the following hypotheses have been developed to arrive at the desired outcome of the research: H1: There is a positive relationship between satisfaction and loyalty H2: There is a positive relationship between trust and loyalty H3: There is a positive relationship between perceived service quality and H4: There is a positive relationship between perceived value and loyalty Chapter summary: From the above discussion, it has been found that the major determinants affecting the brand loyalty of the Malaysian pharmacy industry include trust, satisfaction, perceived service quality and perceived customer value. Trust could be considered as belief and confidence that the customers have with the organisations by taking into account the aspects to be delivered. In other words, trust is an association that links the customers with an organisation. In addition, it is associated between the staffs of an organisation. Customer satisfaction is a marketing concept, as it gauges the way the products or services of an organisation surpass the expectations of the customers. In the current era, customer satisfaction is considered as a significant aspect for any business, as it provides the marketers and owners with a metric for managing and improving the same. Perceived quality is a perception of the customers, which differs from various related concepts. The objective or actual reality is the degree to which the product or service provides greater service. Perceived value is the worth of a service or product, which is in the minds of the customers. All the above-mentioned factors seem to have strong and positive influence on the brand loyalty of the Malaysian pharmacy industry. Based on the discussion of these variables, the researcher has applied two theories, which include the theory of planned behaviour and theory of reasoned action. Accordingly, the researcher has framed four different hypotheses to arrive at the desired outcome of the research. References: Ariff, M. S. M., Yun, L. O., Zakuan, N., Ismail, K. (2013). The impacts of service quality and customer satisfaction on customer loyalty in internet banking.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,81, 469-473. Athavale, A. S., Banahan, III, B. F., Bentley, J. P., West-Strum, D. S. (2015). Antecedents and consequences of pharmacy loyalty behavior.International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Marketing,9(1), 36-55. Awan, A.G., Rehman, A. (2014). Impact of customer satisfaction on brand loyalty: an empirical analysis of home appliances in Pakistan. British Journal of Marketing Studies, 2(8), 18-32. Blut, M., Beatty, S. E., Evanschitzky, H., Brock, C. (2014). The impact of service characteristics on the switching costscustomer loyalty link.Journal of Retailing,90(2), 275-290. Cantallops, A. S., Salvi, F. (2014). New consumer behavior: A review of research on eWOM and hotels.International Journal of Hospitality Management,36, 41-51. Cetin, G., Dincer, F. I. (2014). Influence of customer experience on loyalty and word-of-mouth in hospitality operations.Anatolia,25(2), 181-194. Chen, S. C. (2015). Customer value and customer loyalty: Is competition a missing link?.Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services,22, 107-116. Chou, P. F., Lu, C. S., Chang, Y. H. (2014). Effects of service quality and customer satisfaction on customer loyalty in high-speed rail services in Taiwan.Transportmetrica A: Transport Science,10(10), 917-945. Eid, R. (2015). Integrating Muslim customer perceived value, satisfaction, loyalty and retention in the tourism industry: An empirical study.International Journal of Tourism Research,17(3), 249-260. 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The associations between service quality, corporate image, customer satisfaction, and loyalty: Evidence from the Malaysian hotel industry.Journal of hospitality marketing management,23(3), 314-326. Liu, J. N., Zhang, E. Y. (2014). An investigation of factors affecting customer selection of online hotel booking channels.International Journal of Hospitality Management,39, 71-83. Mouakket, S. (2015). Factors influencing continuance intention to use social network sites: The Facebook case.Computers in Human Behavior,53, 102-110. Nguyen, N., Leclerc, A., LeBlanc, G. (2013). The mediating role of customer trust on customer loyalty.Journal of service science and management,6(1), 96. Oliver, R. L. (2014).Satisfaction: A behavioral perspective on the consumer. Routledge. Picn, A., Castro, I., Roldn, J. L. (2014). The relationship between satisfaction and loyalty: A mediator analysis.Journal of Business Research,67(5), 746-751. Pratminingsih, S. A., Lipuringtyas, C., Rimenta, T. (2013). Factors influencing customer loyalty toward online shopping.International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance,4(3), 104. Rabbanee, F. K., Burford, O., Ramaseshan, B. (2015). Does employee performance affect customer loyalty in pharmacy services?.Journal of Service Theory and Practice,25(6), 725-743. Ramaseshan, B., Rabbanee, F. K., Burford, O. (2017). Combined effects of franchise management strategies and employee service performance on customer loyalty: a multilevel perspective.Journal of Strategic Marketing, 1-19. Segoro, W. (2013). The influence of perceived service quality, mooring factor, and relationship quality on customer satisfaction and loyalty.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,81, 306-310. Shi, Y., Prentice, C., He, W. (2014). Linking service quality, customer satisfaction and loyalty in casinos, does membership matter?.International Journal of Hospitality Management,40, 81-91. Tu, Y.T., Wang, C.M. Chang, H.C. (2012). Corporate brand image and customer satisfaction on loyalty: An empirical study of Starbucks coffee in Taiwan.Journal of Social and Development Sciences,3(1), 24-32. Tukej, U., Golob, U., Podnar, K. (2013). The role of consumerbrand identification in building brand relationships.Journal of Business Research,66(1), 53-59. Yeh, C. H., Wang, Y. S., Yieh, K. (2016). Predicting smartphone brand loyalty: Consumer value and consumer-brand identification perspectives.International Journal of Information Management,36(3), 245-257. Yoo, M., Bai, B. (2013). Customer loyalty marketing research: A comparative approach between hospitality and business journals.International Journal of Hospitality Management,33, 166-177. Zhang, H., Fu, X., Cai, L. A., Lu, L. (2014). Destination image and tourist loyalty: A meta-analysis.Tourism Management,40, 213-223. Zhang, Z., Zhang, Z., Wang, F., Law, R., Li, D. (2013). Factors influencing the effectiveness of online group buying in the restaurant industry.International Journal of Hospitality Management,35, 237-245.

Thursday, November 28, 2019

The Winters Tale Leontes Essay Example

The Winters Tale Leontes Essay From sanity to madness in 350 lines. Explore the presentation of Leontes in Act 1 focussing closely on language and imageryAs with many of Shakespeares plays, we are introduced to the protagonist through the conversation of two of the more minor characters. We are instantly made aware of Leontes and Polixenes friendship. The fact that they were trained together in their childhoods combined with the reference to them as the states of which they are head (Sicilia and Bohemia) shows their importance. More interesting is the description of their relationship. Camillo states that:there rootedbetwixt them then such an affection which cannot choose butbranch nowShakespeares use of tree-like imagery and decision to use the verb branch leaves us with two possible interpretations of this sentence. To the first time reader, it probably suggests that their relationship will thrive and proliferate. On second reading, however, this choice of language could be seen as prophetically ironic in the se nse that it predicts their divergence in opposite directions.In order for us to understand the background to Leontes downfall, Shakespeare exposes us to his relationships with the two other protagonists. Leontes refers to Polixenes, who Camillo has already told us is a childhood friend, as brother. In this circumstance, it is meant as a term of endearment. However, just 130 lines later, he asks Polixenes How ist with you, best brother?. This time brother, coupled with the sarcastic and equally plosive best, rings hollow and contains little affection.It is also essential to understand his relationship with Hermione. In the second scene, she appears very docile. She does not speak until addressed as our queen, again a term of endearment. When she does speak, she refers to her husband as sir, showing that she upholds respect for him and that he is the power figure.Almost instantly after introducing this sanity, we tumble into madness. Shakespeare interjects this paranoia quite unexpect edly, when Leontes realises that at my request he [Polixenes] would not stay with them in Sicily for longer, but at Hermiones request he will.One method Shakespeare uses to illustrate this is by Leontes picking up on seemingly innocuous words used by his wife and twisting their meaning into something far more suspect. One example is Hermiones reaction to his accusations:Hermione What is this Sport?Leontes Bear the boy hence; he shall not come about her.Away with him, and let her sport herself.Leontes takes Hermiones response, which she said in confusion as to whether or not he is being farcical, and, in his paranoia, plays on the term as if she is playing a role in an undefined game with Polixenes. This literary method can also be seen during his conversation alone with Camillo when he twists his usage of the term satisfy to a far more sexual definition.His erratic mind is perhaps best illustrated in one of his initial speeches. As with sport in the previous extract, Leontes picks u p on his own use of the verb play. He switches from telling his son to innocently go, play, boy, play to a far more sinister your mother plays in one single line. This erratic mind is also illustrated through Shakepeares use of syntax. Some lines, such as the first three, a regularly punctuated and contain caesuras causing a reader to speak in a rapid and erratic manner. Equally, the seventh to fifteenth line contains one long sentence with little punctuation. The lack of pauses causes the sentence to pick up pace and sound equally as insane as the previous lines.His choice of language is equally effective on an aural level. He juxtapositions the sibilant sounds of issue and hiss with the plosive sounds of contempt and clamour. This contrast of tones aids the speechs erratic overtones.Leontes paranoia is perhaps best illustrated through his use of very exaggerated imagery, which, juxtapositioned with his term of endearment a few lines prior, show his deteriorated state. In this spee ch, Shakepeare uses metaphors relating to an invaded piece of property. His references to a gate opened and a barricado, show how he considers Hermione to be a possession, which has been taken from him.He also portrays Hermione using imagery relating to the lowest and least respected members of their society. He calls her a hobby-horse (whore) and as wrank as any flax-wench. These terms are shocking images for the audience to be presented with when, on stage, Hermione seems a respectable queen. This shock is shown by Camillo who, when confronted with Leontes suspicion, feels he must defend his queen referring to her as his sovereign mistress. Further imagery such as sluiced has an equally shocking and vulgar effect.His use of similes is very effective. He announces that women will say anything and that they are false as oer-dyed blacks, as wind, as waters, false as dice are to be wished by one that fixes. These extensive exaggerations show his insanity because, as a member of the au dience who can tell that his wifes liaisons are completely fictitious, can see the dramatic irony of how detailed he is about something false and how obsessive he is becoming. As the speech containing the aforementioned extract continues, he continues to use repetition and questions, which emphasise his confused state.Once he has become undoubtedly paranoid, it would be easy for the audience to forget his initial state, thus making his paranoia seem less of a change. In order to overcome this hurdle, Shakespeare juxtapositions his short, direct and rational commands when in company (You, my lords, look on her and mark her well) with his rambling, overstated speeches. Many of his speeches are presented as asides. This has the effect of separating his thoughts from the real world and emphasising to the audience that this entire saga is purely part of his imagination.Through his careful juxtapositions and use of exaggerated language and imagery, Shakespeare successfully presents the do wnfall of Leontes in a single scene.

Sunday, November 24, 2019

Scholarship Essay on Future Goals

Scholarship Essay on Future Goals Scholarship Essay on Future Goals Before one can consider himself successful, he needs to be able to achieve certain goals that he has established for himself. I have both personal and professional goals. First, I want to be independent. That means I must obtain an education or training that will help me to develop marketable skills so I can get a decent paying job, one that will take care of my needs and the needs of those for whom I will be responsible throughout life. I also have as a personal goal to remain healthy. That means eating healthy, nutritious meals, exercising appropriately, and getting enough rest so that my body can function properly. In obtaining my professional goals, I must first decide what I am interested in doing for a career. I need to research that career to see what skills, training, and education are required. It is also wise for me to see if this career is in demand and what the market demand will be for this career path for the next ten to fifteen years. Additionally, I should have an idea of how much money I can expect to make in this career and what kinds of opportunities exist for furthering my career. I also need to take into account where to receive the necessary training and education and how much it costs. Furthermore, I must determine how I will pay for this education. Of course I want to be happy, and so that is another goal. Even if I manage to make all the money that I desired, it would mean little to me if I was dissatisfied with my life in some way. I would not want to get into a career path that will serve all my other needs but leave me miserable. I would rather get into a career that may not pay much but that I find fulfilling in some way. If an individual does not see the value in what he does, he is inclined not to respect himself. That sense of unhappiness tends to spill over into other areas of his life, such as the treatment of coworkers, and even interactions with family members. So, with that in mind, one of my goals is to find a career that I enjoy and feel is worthwhile in some manner. Finally, another personal goal is to become a role model to as many people that I can, but especially to my children when I eventually have them. Since I was young, I have always had the urge to influence people in a positive manner and lead them in a positive, productive direction. This is because I grew up observing a number of social ills not only in my neighborhood but in the media as well. I hope to be a good influence on others throughout my life. Scholarship essay writing tips: Given that this scholarship essay is a personal essay, the examiner or reader expects the writer to offer ideas that are unique with regards to goals for the future. When writing this essay, one should keep in mind that it is a scholarship essay. This means that one is expected to impress the reader enough to make the reader to grant the applicant a scholarship. Since the scholarship is for an education, one should include acquiring a good education as a major goal. In fact, if you need a custom essay for scholarship feel free to contact writing service. Our experts will provide you with quality scholarship paper writing help.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Leadership Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Leadership - Term Paper Example The traits required for becoming an effective leader is to firstly value the team members, developing a vision for the organization, sticking to the golden rule which is to treat the employees/team members in a respectable way. Other traits of effective leaders are to admit the mistakes if they occur and try to rectify them immediately. If employees need to be criticized, they should be done privately and not in front of the other employees. All plans should be according to the aims and objectives of the organization and leaders should work upon promoting a healthy and competitive environment of the firm. Leadership Style & Skills and Importance of attending Talks & Relationships The type of leadership skill required for a CEO of a consumer technology corporation is the democratic style of leadership and the transformational style of leadership. The final decision in this leadership style is taken by the leader but the employees or team members are allowed to give in their opinions a nd suggestions for the decisions that are to be taken by the organization. The team members’ views and suggestions are pondered upon by the leader and the best possible option is decided by the leader. The team members are actively involved in the projects and decisions and are well aware of the progress of the organization. In this type of leadership style, the level of job satisfaction among employees is high and so is the productivity level of the firm. Being a consumer technology corporation, changes in the field of technology are taking place at a dynamic mode and hence via a democratic leadership style the organization has the opportunity to be on the right track and would also be meeting the expectations of the consumers accordingly. Through the democratic leadership styles by leaders, the skills of the team members or employees are also developed. The leader also gets a chance to discuss various issues with team members and hence these talk sessions allows the confide nce and morale level of the employees to be boosted. Through such conversations, the leaders get to build upon good leader-employee relationships and hence further job issues and tasks are done is a smooth and consistent matter. These particular talk sessions helps in boosting up the productivity level of the firm. Leader following & communicating Vision & Setting the Tone The mission and vision of any organization are vital messages that need to be followed and abided by the entire organization. The vision of the firm gives direction to where the organization is headed and what it plans to achieve through its production services for the consumers. Hence it is extremely important for the leader to follow and communicate the vision of the firm in an explicit manner to the employees or team members of the organization. A leader sets the tone for the organization by developing certain sets of values and principles for the firm. The vision and mission statement reflects upon the tone of the organization and employees therefore know the direction of how they should perform their work and also know about the rules and regulations that are to be followed in the organization. By following the mission and vision, the leader is able to optimize their potential capabilities on leading the organization (Northouse, 2012). Leader Having

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Systematic Approach to Learning and Development Essay

Systematic Approach to Learning and Development - Essay Example The significant role of systematic approaches could also be found in other fields of activities such as medical and engineering where they serve as the foundation for any kind of activities (Sadler-Smith, 2006, p.51-52). From the perspective of learning and development, systematic approach supports these activities by enhancing their effectiveness and guides them in attaining desired learning objectives. The systematic approach towards the process of learning and development rationalizes its complex structure by dividing the entire process into several steps of learning and development. The systematic approach encourages the execution of the process of learning and development in a cyclic or iterative manner. Each of the phases present in the cyclic model represents a step in the learning process. In order to achieve the excellence, it becomes very essential for organizations to encourage their learning and development activities. The practice of continuous learning provides organizations with a competitive edge that ensures that they are ahead of their competitors. The systematic approach towards learning and development also supports organizations in developing their knowledge base on a regular basis. Emphasizing the training needs as per the need of the employee base is an important aspect of learning and development at the organizational level. The systematic approach to learning and development is classified into separate steps which begin with identification and evaluation of learning and development needs. During the primal stage of learning and development, identification of performance level is done which helps in identification of areas where learning and development activities are required. After the assessment of current performance level, subsequent steps of identification of learning needs are performed.  

Monday, November 18, 2019

Comparison Between Livingstone and Sauer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Comparison Between Livingstone and Sauer - Essay Example Sauer, however, began to head the geography department at Berkeley in 1923, when geography was beginning to take form as an established discipline (Bruman 1996). In the late nineteenth century, geography was more of a reading genre than it was part of institutionalized academia. Robert Mayhew explains, in an essay by Wendy Gibbons, that geography texts were "essentially gazetteers, with headed paragraphs for conveying information about the nations of the world, starting with the mathematical location before moving on to descriptive geography" (Gibbons 2001). Thus, given the different expectations of the time periods, the initial purposes, final results and methodology between the two men were also different. Each time period has its own academic trends and priorities. Prominent public figures are often direct or indirect products of their intellectual surroundings. Therefore, it is valuable to take a look at the academic climates in which Livingstone and Sauer made their respective contributions as well as their various purposes in embarking on their adventures, whether they be academic or otherwise. Livingstone conducted his explorations during what is considered the new imperial age of exploration. This was a time of expansion, the expansion of territories as well as of ideas. With the best of intentions, Livingstone helped pave the way for European colonialism and exploitation. Industrialisation brought with it the desire for imported minerals and natural resources (Crawfurd 2005). Since the accepted idea of the time was that Europe was far superior to Africa, the country that first set foot onto uncharted African territory was practically considered its owner. Even though slavery had been abolished in Europe, it was the Africans that did most of the excavating, exploring, translating and carrying. Africa at this time was seen as a mysterious and dark land, ripe for exploration and conquest. It was the perfect space to play out the prominent ideas of the time. Livingstone was initially a missionary. He began his explorations not so much as an attempt to map uncharted territory, but more as an effort to open up new paths to commerce and Christianity. While working to construct missionary stations deeper into the "Dark Continent's" interior, he came into close contact with Africa's slave trade. His intention was then to slowly eradicate the slave trade by replacing it with the trade of European goods. He believed that "civilization" must be brought to Africa and that Christianity and commerce were the perfect carriers. Livingstone was not very successful as a missionary and made numerous geographical errors (Sykes 1996). After all, he converted only one African who later reconverted and various miscalculations nearly sacrificed his Zambezi expedition. Later he thought he had found the source of the Nile only to realize that it was actually the upper Congo (Sykes 1996). Still, he represents for many the spirit of the explorer. His contributio ns to the geography of Africa are invaluable. It was he, after all, who first began to draw attention to Africa and her people. Carl Sauer is considered one of the founding fathers of American geography. He marks the initial separation of physical geography from human or cultural geography. His predominant concern was the relationship between people and their environment.  Ã‚  

Friday, November 15, 2019

Effects of the Children Act 1989

Effects of the Children Act 1989 The Children Act 1989 has put in place a set of principles which are designed to ensure that children’s needs in situations such as this are cared for appropriately. This means that children should be assessed speedily and have access to appropriate resources within the social services (Beckett, C. and Maynard, A. (2005) Ch. 1) (Greene, R. (1999) 1-5). This legislation means that the there are procedures in place for the assessment of the needs of children considered to be potentially at risk of various forms of abuse in the family setting. The legislation quotes that this abuse may manifest itself as emotional, sexual and physical abuse or may take the form of neglect. The local authority is given the responsibility for monitoring whether these issues may be arising and where this is so, the social services must intervene and impose the best course of intervention as is necessary (Beckett, C. and Maynard, A. (2005) Ch. 1) (Greene, R. (1999) 1-5).. Specifically, the legislation makes the following provisions: ‘Prevention of neglect and abuse 4.—(1)Every local authority shall take reasonable steps, through the provision of services under Part III of this Act, to prevent children within their area suffering ill-treatment or neglect.†¦..’. Schedule Two of the Act makes the following provisions: Part I, of Schedule Two of the Children’s Act 1989 provides: ‘Identification of children in need and provision of information (1)Every local authority shall take reasonable steps to identify the extent to which there are children in need within their area.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..’. One The most important assessment in this scenario is that of the social worker. The Children Act 1989 places duties upon the local authority to care for the children who are potentially at risk in this scenario (Beckett, C. and Maynard, A. (2005) Ch. 1) (Greene, R. (1999) 1-5). To a large degree the position of the social worker is to discharge this duty. Broadly the issues which are presented by this scenario are relate to poverty, social exclusion, poor parenting skills, mental health as well as child support issues. In this situation, each individual child’s needs must be assessed (Beckett, C. and Maynard, A. (2005) Ch. 1) (Greene, R. (1999) Ch. 1-2). The child’s mother’s ability to respond to the children’s needs must also be assessed. In the situation described, the children appear to have been neglected, and poverty seems to be a prevalent factor in the continuing neglect. The mother’s description of her own feelings of being miserable and isolated suggest that perhaps there is an issue of mental health difficulties on the part of the mother and that perhaps she may be suffering from depression. Perhaps the most significant factor in this scenario is that there is no child support being received by the children’s father. This matter should be referred to the Child Support Agency who may be able to trace the children’s father and secure child support payments. On a more positive note, the mother seems to be very cooperative and she has admitted that she is not coping appropriately. Due to this it is probably possible to ensure that the children remain in the care of their mother with more support from the social services to assist her in coping with the challenges of parenting. The Children Act 1989 makes provision for what is referred to as an emergency protection order which means that the children can be placed under the immediate protection of the local authority. However, given that the mother appears to be as cooperative as she is, there does not appear to be any need to consider such a drastic measure. A less serious measure which is potentially available to the social worker in this situation is the application for a care order. Such an order commits the children to the care of the local authority. Again, however, given that the problems which are resulting in the neglect of the children appear to be linked to issues which may be r emedied with appropriate support and interventions on the part of the social worker (Cambridgeshire and Peterborough Mental Health Partnership NHS Trust (2006) 3) (Jones, I. and Williams, D. (2000) 1-2) (Scottish Executive (2006) 1), this option, while it could be under consideration for the future is unlikely to be acted upon without attempts being made at less invasive remedies. An aim of the Children Act 1989 is to encourage what is referred to as a multi-agency approach (Beckett, C. and Maynard, A. (2005) Ch. 1) (Greene, R. (1999) Ch. 1-2) to the problems which may be presented to individuals such as the mother in this scenario. It is likely that the health visitor, the local GP and perhaps some charitable organisations such as the Citizens Advice Bureau may be contacted to assist her mother. Certainly it appears that she may be entitled to more financial support from the social security agency, and if she were willing to attend the local CAB she may be able to get a benefits check which is an assessment of the benefits which she may be entitled to. Two Peter’s needs in this situation are paramount and the local authority are obliged to evaluate how much danger he may be in of being subjected to further abuse (Beckett, C. and Maynard, A. (2005) Ch. 1) (Greene, R. (1999) Ch. 1-2). The care order which is in place means that Peter has been previously at risk of significant harm. If Peter is returned to the care of his family and suffers any further harm, there may be a case to be made that the local authority and the individuals involved in the assessment of his needs have acted negligently. A care order will usually last until the child is eighteen although applications may be made to the court to discharge care orders. The powers of the local authority, when a care order is in place are the same as parental responsibilities. This means that the local authority are allowed to make decisions about the welfare of the child, where the child lives and what is generally in the best interests of that child until the child reaches th e age of majority. Naturally, this situation brings a number of dilemmas to the fore. Some of these could include deciding whether it is in the best interests of Peter to be returned to his parents, deciding whether it is appropriate for Peter to be allowed contact with his father, and ultimately deciding whether Peter would be more damaged in the long term by separation from his parents or by being returned to his parents. Other dilemmas would include having the responsibility for separating a mother from her child. It appears that Peter’s mother is as much a victim in this situation as Peter is. However, the local authority have a duty to put the interests of peter first. Peter’s father and mother may apply to the court at any time to have the care order revoked but in the circumstances it appears that they may have some difficulty in showing that they will be able to provide a secure environment for the child to return to. Peter admits that he is intimidated by his father and his father has just been released from prison. The plans which Peter’s parents have to marry are a positive sign that they may be attempting to turn things around, however they would be required to show that Peter is no longer at significant risk and that they can maintain a secure home environment for Peter to be a part of. Peter’s parents, and indeed Peter’s father in particular would probably be entitled to have access to the child if Peter consents, but again the responsibility would be on them to show that such contact would be in Peter’s best interests. The Children’s Act 1989 requires the local authority to put the welfare of the child first and in this scenario doing so would involve placing the onus on Peter’s family to convince those caring for Peter and the court that they are in a position to care for him properly, and that they are likely to be able to sustain this for a considerable length of time. Three The Children’s Act 1989 in this situation places a legal duty upon the local authority to ensure that the risks to which this child may be being exposed to are appropriately assessed (Beckett, C. and Maynard, A. (2005) Ch. 1) (Greene, R. (1999) Ch. 1-2). If it transpires that the child is at significant risk the local authority are required by law to intervene and remove the child from the situation which places them at risk. Claire in this situation has bruising to her cheek, and this is likely to be considered to be extremely inappropriate because she sustained this injury at the hands of her father, who has admitted that it has happened before. Claire admits that she has been staying out late however, in the circumstances Claire’s parents need to be in a position to care for her and to discipline her without resorting to physical violence. In circumstances where a child is in immediate danger, the social services can apply for an emergency protection order which enables them to take the child into protective care for a maximum of eight days. This is an option open to the social worker here, however in reality it is far more likely that a care order would potentially be applied for. Before this happens, the social worker must consider whether the child may be able to be left in the care of her family, while being supported through appropriate channels and outside actors. In this scenario, the parents seem to be having some difficulty both communicating with Claire and with disciplining her. Perhaps out of frustration, they have resorted to physical violence as an expression for their inability to do these things appropriately. The situation is exacerbated by the fact that Claire continues to stay out late without her parents’ permission. The social worker in this situation should probably consider whether it is appropriate to make the option of family counselling available to the entire family, and Claire’s opinion that she has had enough of being with her family should be the cause of some concern. Perhaps, as a temporary measure Claire could be placed with other family members, thus putting her in a more neutral setting. Such a measure would give both parties some breathing space and time to evaluate a better solution to the problems, which does not involve physical violence to Claire. The parents could also benefit from training in appropriate parenting skills which will enable them to discipline her more successfully. If Claire continues to be at risk of this violence occurring, it is likely that she would be considered to be at significant risk. In these circumstances, a child protection conference will be held and the social services will be responsible for coordinating an inter-agency plan to ensure that the child is cared for appropriately. This involves liaising with third parties to ensure that Claire gets all the assistance she needs. Perhaps Claire’s teachers could be consulted to enquire whether this treatment is adversely affecting her education, and Claire may benefit from being referred to a counsellor on an individual basis. Bibliography Books Beckett, C. and Maynard, A. (2005) Values and Ethics in Social Work. Publisher: Sage Publications. Place of Publication: UK. Greene, R. (1999) Human Behavior Theory and Social Work Practice. Publisher: Aldine De Gruyter. Place of Publication: New York. Articles Cambridgeshire and Peterborough Mental Health Partnership NHS Trust (2006) Strategy for Social Work and Social Care. Publisher: Cambridgeshire and Peterborough Mental Health Partnership NHS Trust. Place of Publication: UK. Jones, I. and Williams, D. (2000) Preparing for Practice in Wales: The Social Work Process. Publisher: Care Council for Wales and the University of Bangor. Place of Publication: Wales. Scottish Executive (2006) The Need for Social Work Intervention. Publisher: Scottish Executive. Place of Publication: UK.

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

Use of Storm Imagery in Villette and Frankenstein Essays -- comparison

  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Romantic and Victorian periods saw a flowering of imagery: for the Romantics, because it often proved the best way to express their vague philosophical yearnings and ideas; for the Victorians, because societal taboos all too often prevented discussion of topics unless they were "coded" in acceptable images. Mary Shelley's Frankenstein and Charlotte Brontkà ©'s Villette, despite springing from these two different periods of literature, share a type of symbol. In each "bildingsroman," storms provide a dominant textual metaphor for violent and confusing turning points in the main character's development. For Lucy Snowe, storms usher her along in her development from shy, frigid nursemaid to more open, self-sufficient school-mistress: though fearful and traumatic, the storms, and experiences, tend to mold and enhance her personality. But for Victor Frankenstein, storms punctuate his relationship with his horrid creation, and show his steady dissolution towards tragedy a nd attempted revenge.    Villette practically opens with a storm: after the initial exposition, Lucy tells of how "it was a wet night; the rain lashed the panes, and the wind sounded angry and restless" on the evening when Polly Home first arrived. This admittedly minor change in her life still presages, in its stormy accompaniment, the larger turning-points in her life that storms are to indicate. Indeed, Lucy's stay with Polly and the Brettons is immediately followed by her famous and unexplained "shipwreck" image that begins Chapter IV. Whether it represents forced incest or merely financial reversals and deaths in the family, it is this storm which produces much of the cool reserve and surfeit of reason that troubles Lucy through the rest of the novel.... ...xiles at Home: A Story of Literature in Nineteenth Century America. Lanham: University Press of America, Inc., 1984. Mellor, Anne K. Mary Shelley. Her Life, her Fiction, her Monsters. Methuen. New York, London, 1988. Shelley, Mary.   Frankenstein   New American Library edition, 1983. Patterson, Arthur Paul A.   Frankenstein Study. http://www.watershed.winnipeg.mb.ca/Frankenstein.html    You may wish to place the following quotes at the beginning of the paper for a stronger impact.   "These strange accents in the storm -- this restless, hopeless cry -- denote a coming state of the atmosphere unpropitious to life." (Brontà ©, p. 46) "This almost miraculous change of inclination and will was... the last effort made by the spirit of preservation to avert the storm that was even then hanging in the stars and ready to envelop me." (Shelley, p. 41)   

Sunday, November 10, 2019

Exploring Programming Languages

Structured Query Language (SQL) is a standard database computer language used for querying, modifying and managing data in Relational Database Management Systems (RDBMS). SQL was developed in the 1970's by IBM to initially manipulate and retrieve data in IBM System R. The SQL language was standardized in 1986 by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI); however, later releases were released as International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards.Until this day, there are lots of users who refuse to refer to it as SQL. To some people, SEQUEL is the right name for this international standardized database language. SQL has additionally been revised in 1989 and then 1992 (SQL-92). Ever since, SQL has undergone many revisions to enhance their standardization.Sybase and Ashton with their team support created a product which is known with the name of the SQL server 1.0 and within few years SQL server 4.21 also came in existence for the Microsoft NT operating system. Micros oft itself on their individual basis work for the SQL server 6.0 and this was the first Individual product of the SQL series for the Microsoft which works with the Windows NT because at that point of time windows NT was the main operating system.After few years later, when a copyrights conflict is there between the Microsoft and Sybase then Microsoft has done so many revisions in its project which lead to the development of the SQL server 7.0 which is known with the name of SQL server 2000 and the main part of this scheme and model is that it can work with the 64 bit platform.The development of the Integrated development Environment for the creation of web and windows packages with the SQL server 2005 that includes so many tools and utilities that includes the ETL tool, a Reporting server, data mining server, and several messaging service brokers that will be for the notification services. The next version which was come after the Microsoft SQL Server2005 is the Microsoft SQL server 2008, the aim of which is to make the data management features still under control using self-tuning.SQL Server 2008 R2 whose code name is given as â€Å"Kilomanjaro† and it is announced on year 2009, to add different management features to the SQL Server 2008 which is the earlier version. The SQL Server 2008 R2 also includes the number of new services that includes the PowerPivot for the Excel and Sharepoint master data services for building the reports using the data tier application.2.The features of SQL Express are as follows:Stored ProceduresSQL Server Configuration Manager ViewsReplication (as a subscriber only) TriggersAdvanced Query Optimizer CursorsSMO/RMO sqlcmd and osql utilitiesIntegration with Visual Studio 2005 Snapshot Isolation LevelsService Broker (as a client only) ¹ Native XML support, including XQuery and XML SchemasSQL CLR Transact-SQL language supportMultiple Active Result Sets (MARS) Dedicated Administrator Connection ²The features of Oracle Expres s are as follows: Direct Path Load API External tables External procedures Synchronous Change Data Capture Asynchronous Change Data Capture Transportable tablespaces, including cross-platform Advanced Queuing Basic Replication Advanced Replication Distributed queries Distributed transactions Transparent Gateways Generic connectivityThe features of DB2 Express are as follows:Advanced Copy ServicesOracle Compatibility Compression: backuppureXML ® storage High availability disaster recoverySpatial Extender Homogenous FederationIBM Tivoli ® System Automation for Multiplatforms Homogenous SQL Replication IBM Data Studio Net Search Extender Online reorganization The free version of DB2 (DB2 Express-C) has much less limitations than those existing in Oracle and SQL Server, Oracle Express Edition 10g/11g and SQL Server 2005/2008 Express.CharacteristicDB2 Express-CSQL Server 2005/2008 ExpressOracle 10g/11g Express Edition CPUs MaxUntil 2 cores11 RAM Max2 GB1 GB1 GB Size LimitUnlimited4 G B4 GB/11 GB 32/64 bits32-64 bits32 bits / 32-64 bits32 bits / 32-64 bits

Friday, November 8, 2019

In what ways do Leaders create organizational culture The WritePass Journal

In what ways do Leaders create organizational culture Introduction In what ways do Leaders create organizational culture IntroductionWhat is leadership? Who is a leader?Leader; as a patternLeaders ruling organizational cultureMaking and interpreting strategyChanging performanceCulture creates leader, a challengeOther factors are actorsConclusionBibliographyRelated Introduction In area of Management and leadership, one of the most crucial and effective factors that determine the performance of an organization in public sector is the organizational culture. Organizational culture has been studied extensively for the past 30 or more years (Schein E. H., 1985). Lots of books have been written and much research has been done about it, and also wide range of words applied to describe this notion. Although much different definitions have been presented on this keyword, most of them place their emphasis on common key aspects of this word. I have gathered three comprehensive definitions in table below: Definitions of organizational culture   The pattern of shared beliefs and values that give members of an institution meaning and provide them with the rules for behaviour in their organizations. (Davis, 1984, p. 1).   The set of important understandings (often unstated) that members of a community share in common. (Sathe, 1985, p. 6)   A set of understandings or meanings shared by a group of people. The meanings are largely tacit among the members, are clearly relevant to a particular group and are distinctive to the group (Louis, 1985, p. 74) According to these definitions, I can extract two main features of organizational culture as first shared meanings and values among members and second introducing clear rules and behaviours in organization. Although, some argues that culture cannot be managed (Rabin, T Wachhaus. A, 2008, p. 1) , a correlation between culture and leadership has been identified   (Frontiera, 2010). Schein announced this fact in his famous book-Organizational culture and leadership (2004): â€Å"Culture is a dynamic phenomenon that surrounds us at all times, being constantly enacted and created by our reactions with others and shaped by leadership behaviour.† So, attentions have been paid to culture aiming to manage and improve the performance through it. Leaders as persons who have crucial role in improving performance found it vital in organizational discourse. Schein introduced the relation between leadership and culture by the term â€Å"intertwined†. (1992) .While culture can be affected by various factors, Senge pointed out that leaders have the most much influence on organizational culture (2002, p. 24) : â€Å"Building an organization s culture and shaping its evolution is the unique and essential function of leadership† In this paper the focus is on the influence of leadership on organizational culture to examine to what extent the view that leaders create organizational culture is true. The approach that has been applied in this paper is studying the ways and channels through which leader creates and affects the culture of organization. Also, the other factors that create culture have been studied and the effects of culture on leadership have been analyzed.  Ã‚   But before the start of this study, clearing the concept of leadership is required. What is leadership? Who is a leader? The controversial concept of leadership has been defined in various ways. Some stated that it as a process, for instance Northouse believe that it is a process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal. (2007, p. 3). Also, Stogdill analyzed it as influencing the activities of an organized group in its efforts toward goal setting and goal achievement (1974). By these two types of definitions,   leader   can be known as a person who makes decisions, sets directions, makes things happen and often He is recognisable at the top of organization. In term of person, leader is a person who carries out this process by applying their leadership knowledge and skills. (Jago, 1982) Hence leader is placed at top of organization and clarifies strategies and directions, has most effects on the culture of organizations. In following next part I examine some ways by which leader affects organizational culture. Leader; as a pattern If in an organization the leadership and the behaviours of leader become an ideal pattern for followers, a stream of organizational deportment would flow from top (leader) to down (followers). This case can happen mostly in transformational type of leadership in which leader has charismatic features. (Harms, p Crede, M, 2010). Bass and Avolio described transformational leader as able to motivate others to do more than they originally intended and often more than they thought possible.(1993). As the organizational culture in an aspect is made of staffs behaviours and manners, charismatic leader cultivates a particular method of comportment. Culture of an organization constituted from different components; competitiveness, social responsibility, innovation, stability, performance orientation, and supportiveness. So, the manner of leader can affect every area of organizational culture and this top-down influence can lead to affirmative or mortal outcomes in performance.   (Sarros, J. Gray, J and Densten, I, 2002)   By way of illustration, this can be studied in realm of Innovation and change. Fishman and Kavanaugh claimed that the culture of an organization and how people respond to change and innovation is shaped substantially by the behaviours of the leader.   (1989) Smith revealed that leader s behaviours can be followed by employees. Leaders are the role models and when they walk the talk long enough, fairly soon these values become standard procedure. (2010). Leaders are lent very crucial and decisive position by which they influence the culture of organization through leading motivation, attendance and attitude of followers in organizational operation. This can be found in Amabile suggestion (1998): â€Å"By influencing the nature of the work environment and organizational culture, leaders can affect organizational members’ attitude to work related change and motivation.† Leaders ruling organizational culture Leaders externalize their own assumptions and embed them into structures, mission, goals and working procedures gradually and consistently (Schein E. H., 2004, p. 406). In one hand, a leader make decisions and determine rules, and in the other hand organizational culture is described as a set of structures, routines, rules and norms that guide the constrain behaviour (Schein E. H., Organizational Culture and Leadership, 2004). So, leadership manipulates organizational culture through ruling in organization. Dull reflected this fact in the other way (2010): â€Å"Public sector leaders attempt to cultivate organizational culture as a means of controlling administrative behaviour and building organizational competence, defined as the skill and capacity to accomplish necessary tasks† Here the culture described as a tool applied to improve procedures to facilitate achieving goal. This case can be examined when leader feels sure about a needful innovation in organization. For promoting change, beside other factors, leader has to provide a firm ground for implementing innovation. As Armenakis et al. claimed leaders can modify formal structures, procedures, and human resource management practices. (1999) So, it is leader who initiates change and clarifies orientation of organization; he arrives to alter proceeds for reaching ends. In reality, changing culture is defined as changing procedures. Making and interpreting strategy Stewart declared that the strategy of an organization gives it identity based on its functions, Also it clarifies what an organization is and what it is doing. (2004) Strategy can form culture of an organization through highlighting tasks, directions, positions and behaviours. Fernandez and Rainey interpreted strategy as a course of action for implementing changes (2006) . Also, the change management strategy or approach selected by leaders will result in shifts in organizational culture. (Kavanagh, H Ashkanasy, N, 2006) By understanding the importance of strategy and its relation with culture, leader enters in this relation and influence culture in two ways; first standing between strategy and culture, second use the strategy as a tool for modifying culture. Despite strategy plays a crucial role in organization, this is the role of leader to translate it into a course of action. Goldsmith explains to CEO (chief executive officer) how leaders are needed to communicate and execute an organization s strategy. (2009) â€Å"When leaders and their executive teams take an active role in implementing strategies, this is a commitment to ensure the ideas or strategies become part of the organisation. Insightful leaders realise that for strategies to be successfully integrated into their organisations, they must align, measure, market and package the strategy to their business, customers and investment community as they would with any marketing campaign.† While strategy introduces direction of an organization, it is just on the paper. The best-planned strategy is no more than wishful thinking if it can t be translated from concept to reality (Hsieh, T and Yik, S, 2005) .Here it is leader who translates it from   language of paper   to   a course of action . Robin Speculand has studied the decisive role of leadership and placed his special emphasis on leaders in success and failure of implementing strategies (2009). So, leader as a median interprets strategy into organization procedure, role, and belief. This action forms the culture; in this area culture is sum of tasks, behaviours, and procedures that are defined by strategy. In this process leader injects strategy into the body of organization. In reality, leader makes strategy feasible, and at the same time forms culture. But it is not whole the story about relation of strategy and culture. Leader alters climate of organization by applying strategy as a tool too. In other words, leader can stand at the top and place strategy between him and culture. Actually, leader applies strategy as a means to influence organizational culture. This can be deducted from the role of leader in designing strategies, Where Abramson and Lawrence claimed (2001): â€Å"Managerial leaders must develop a course of action or strategy for implementing change. Convincing the members of an organization of the need for change is obviously not enough to bring about actual change. The new idea or vision must be transformed into a course of action or strategy with goals and a plan for achieving it† Changing performance The performance of an organization is effective factor through which leader influence the culture. Performance defined as the accomplishments of an agency, program, or employee relative to stated goals and objectives. (Technical Terms). This item is evaluated by measuring outputs and outcomes. Unfortunately, while most available research and studies devoted their focus on the effects of leadership and culture on the performance, there is a multilateral and at the same time mutual relation among leadership, culture and performance. In other words, they are interdependent (i.e. leadership and climate are subject to affect by the status of performance of organization). To understand this linkage a circle relation between leader, climate and performance should be studied. It can be understood from this circle that leader can affect culture through changing performance. In this network linkage leader affects culture and alter its elements through changing performance and informing employees about it. This influence occurs through the Feedback. Feedback typically consists of information provided to an individual for the purpose of an increase in performance (Kluger, A. N. Denisi, A., 1996). A variety of feedback forms exists, which are described by different aspects. One kind of feedback is outcome feedback in which information concerning performance outcomes. (Balcazar, F., Hopkins, B. L., Suarez, Y, 1986) It seems positive and constructive, to inform employees about high performance and improvement of outcomes. Geister et al. concluded in their research that information and feedback about the team situation is crucial to improving the motivation, satisfaction, and performance of members in virtual teams. (2006) Leader affects the culture of organization indirectly through improving performance and diffusing information about it, an action which leads to a healthy, motivate and more evolutionary climate. If decisions and policies leader applied led to quality performance it can encourage atmosphere of hardworking, competition, integration and responsibility but in fragile situation and poor performance culture would collapse. Culture creates leader, a challenge While the impact of leader on culture is a considerable fact and has been studied and proved in many cases, some opinions challenged it. In an attempt to address this theoretical disagreement, Sarros et al. surveyed over 1,900 managers in Australia and found that leadership was a far more prominent predictor of culture than culture was of leadership. (2002) As it has been mentioned there are an interdependent relations among leadership, culture and performance, so it is a noticeable reality that leader is affected by culture too. Hatch claimed that it is difficult for leaders to have any impact on culture, as culture has a larger influence on leaders. (1993) Schein asserts that while leaders create culture in the early stages of an organization, culture creates leaders as an organization matures. He suggests that culture is deep, broad, and stable. It can be an unconscious determinant of who gets hired, who gets promoted and rewarded, and indeed, how the vision, mission, and strategy are lived. (2004) Culture of organization is a very decisive factor, so leader has to apply appropriate way of leading which does work in that climate. Smith, Wang and Leung have sought for a proper model of leadership in China by regarding effects of cultural backgrounds (1997). It reflects the crucial role of culture in determining leadership style. It seems imperfect and naà ¯f to study the relation of leader and climate unilaterally. The relation is mutual and should be studied in this way to achieve a perfect theory. Other factors are actors While leadership plays a core role in creating organizational culture, other factors affect climate and even can take it out of control of leader. Culture can be affected by different internal and external factors. As the culture has defined as meanings and behaviours of members, the organizational members are effective actors. Krizek views culture as patterns of meaning and interpretation- whether these patterns emerge among management or employees. So, before that leader can decide to create culture, it has been constituted by member s beliefs and thoughts. (2005) External forces may or may not influence the communicative and cultural makeup of an organization. (Cheney, 2001) Examples of external forces include, but are not limited to, economics, education, family, law, media, politics, religion, and technology. External environment and constraints have a considerable role in determining climate of organizations. As, leader has to make situation and organization ready to cope with external environment, any change in environment leads to change policies, behaviours and routines and finally innovates the culture. Schein pointed out that if the environmental context is changing such conflict can be a potential source of adaption and new learning. (Schein E. H., Organizational Culture and Leadership, 2004, p. 108) Organizational culture is influenced by social and national culture of the area in which it is situated. National beliefs, stories, type of thinking and values affect the climate of organization. The type of function and business of organization conducts the elements of culture. (Schein E. H., 1992) In other words the mission of organization is a set of beliefs about its core competences (Schein E. H., Organizational Culture and Leadership, 2004, p. 89) Conclusion In this paper the view that leaders create organizational culture has been examined critically. At the first the culture defined as a set of routines, behaviour, meanings and understandings that is shared among members of an organization. Leader defined as who make decision, determine directions and make things happen or not to happen. it has been proved that leaders have a noticeable role in creating organizational climate. The first way through which culture forms by leader is by the stream of meaning, behaviour and beliefs as an ideal method or pattern from top (leader) to down (employees). In this statement employees are assumed as followers who are affected by the nature of leader. As a short explanation, Leadership consists of attributes and skills that determine not only the nature of enterprise, in all its manifestations, but the overall nature of society and the world (Sarros, J. Gray, J. Densten, I, 2002). In this way leaders are charismatic persons by whom followers’ behaviours consciously or unconsciously are affecting. The second conduit for influencing culture is ruling. Here, leader is top ruler in organization who directs routines, structures and procedures. It has been assumed that by doing these affairs in reality leader is manipulating culture or changing its elements. In this statement changing culture described as changing procedures and formal administrative process. In third way the focus has been put on strategy. Strategy is the manifestation of mission, directions, tasks and rules and has a strong correlation with culture. It has been expressed that leader can affect strategy in two ways. First way is attempt to codify and provide it. In this state leader inject beliefs and preference into strategy and determine culture through it as a tool. The second channel is to standing between strategy and culture in order to interpret and implement it in preferred way. The last area which has been studied is performance. It assumed that leader plays remarkable role in changing performance and the status of outcomes of organization affect the culture directly. The impact of high performance in healthy culture and poor one in weak climate mentioned in this area. These four ways illustrate the crucial role of leadership in creating culture. But in last two sections these role has been challenged in two statements. First is that while leader creates culture, culture can create leader too. As mentioned, culture is stable and has elements that determine which style of leadership is required and who can be the organizational leader. In addition, some factors like external environment, employees’ beliefs, business of organization, and national culture introduced as factors which affect organizational culture. In conclusion, it should be claimed that the effects of leadership in shaping culture is noticeable and can be realized by studying it through different ways. But the more crucial point is that the effect is not directly except in first way in which leader becomes a pattern for followers. In all conditions leader can apply some policies by which affects culture. Employees play decisive role in changing climate, and leaders don’t change culture, they merely invite their people to change the culture (Hillis).   So, leader is not the exclusive actor in influencing culture. Other factors should be studied so that an effective innovation and successful change in culture can be achieved. Another point is that while leader creates culture, culture influence leader and style of leadership. As, Schein assumes leadership and culture as two sides of one coin, cultural norms define how a given nation or organization will define leadership. (2004) Consequently, while the role of leadership is considerable in creating culture it is not comprehensive and precise to analyze it without regarding other factors and mutual effects in organization. Bibliography Abramson, A Lawrence, P. (2001). Th e Challenge of Transforming Organizations:Lessons Learned about Revitalizing Organizations. 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